Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) See also the Help page, the General FAQ, and specific EconLog FAQ (blog), and EconTalk FAQ (podcast) FAQs.

Can I get the Quote of the Day, EconLog, EconTalk, etc. in my News Reader? Yes. Customize your subscription by selecting any of these RSS feeds: Econlib (Library of Economics and Liberty, Home Page): (Add: http://www.econlib.org/index.rdf) Daily Econlib Home page updates with EconLog, the Quote of the Day, plus all the latest Econlib articles, podcasts, and books. EconLog (This week's issues and insights in economics with Arnold Kling and Bryan Caplan): (Add: http://econlog.econlib.org/index.xml) Up-to-the-minute article updates. Full text version. More RSS feed options for EconLog. Econlib Quote of the Day: (Add: http://www.econlib.org/library/econlib.rdf) Daily updates. If you want to start your day with just the Quote of the Day, this is the option for you. EconTalk (Economics podcasts hosted by Russ Roberts): (Add: http://www.econtalk.org/index.xml) Weekly updates. Full text version. More RSS feed options for EconTalk, including weekly email subscription. Email Option: You can also receive monthly email announcements with the latest Econlib headlines by Registering to receive Econlib News. (You do not need a News Reader to subscribe to Econlib News.) No spam, minimal required information. What if I don't have a newsreader? Install a News Reader (also called a News Aggregator or RSS-feed reader) on your machine. What's a News Reader? News Readers are small, safe, browser-like programs that collect and display the latest announcements from your choice of thousands of websites. They save you the time you spend going sequentially to each of your favorite websites just to see if something new was posted there in the last day or hour. They collect automated, freely-provided information about what is new from each site you specify, and summarize only the headlines and links. You can scan it all at a glance and go to the new material of interest. News Reader software usually requires under 10 minutes total time to download and install. How can I find one? Many excellent software choices are listed on Google's News Readers page. Most are free or inexpensive. What makes a basic News Reader good enough? All good News Readers let you add (or subscribe) to the headlines and summaries from your choice of sites. Look first for one that works with your platform (Mac? PC?), and then for additional features. Do you want one that is free? One that works directly in your browser? One that stands alone? One that makes it easy to change the display style? to group together websites you visit often? What features make a News Reader better? Better News Readers offer improved ease of retrieval—easier ways to find and add new headline sources—plus a variety of customizable ways to display the headlines and summaries from the sites to which you've subscribed. Some offer pop-up blocking for any web pages you visit, say, by clicking one of the headline links. Some can try to provide headlines for websites that do not themselves offer that feature. Any recommendations? Good beginner choices I've tried are Amphetadesk, which works in your existing browser, and Deskshare's Active Web Reader (PC), which offers one-line headlines as one display option. Yahoo also offers a free News Reader service. How many quality sites make their material available to subscribe to? Hundreds of current websites, including the NYTimes, The Economist, and Econlib, and thousands of blogs, from EconLog to The Amateur Gourmet, now all offer the option to subscribe at no charge to their RSS-feeds once you have a News Reader. You can find subscription information at the bottoms of many website home pages and blogs. What do RSS, syndication, and that little image file actually mean? RSS stands for "Rich Site Summary" or, in the words of some clever pundits, "Really Simple Syndication" or "Really Simple Subscription." RSS is a stripped-down variant of the markup language XML. The stripped-down version is easy enough that it can be provided by any website without the site-owner's having to learn all of XML. It is so easy to create that many website- and blogging-software packages offer automated RSS file creation any time the site-author adds anything new to the site. Correctly-coded RSS files with extensions like .rdf and .xml, called RSS feeds, are produced simultaneously with any changes to the site's home page. These files let the websites "syndicate" themselves—i.e., be picked up by interested outside subscribers combing the web for RSS-compliant files. In the last few years, News Aggregator software packages (also called News Readers or RSS-feed readers) have sprung up to comb the web for these RSS-compliant files and provide an interface between the raw XML code and interested users. News Aggregators retrieve the stripped-down XML code—containing page titles (or headlines) for up-to-date new material, plus brief summaries, plus links to the complete item—then check it for RSS compliance, and finally provide attractive, unified display styles for the user's chosen sites. The orange XML image file is an occasional visual indicator that allows some News Reader users to subscribe by clicking on it. Many pages that do not display that orange image file also have fully-compliant RSS files. All these files are automatically recognized by News Reader software, and can be added by anyone looking to subscribe. I'm suspicious: How can they do it for free? First, the headlines and summaries of the latest website additions are already provided at no charge by thousands of websites. For most websites, making their latest additions easily accessible—that is, offering syndication at no charge—is a form of advertising. Second, writing basic News-Reader software is very easy. Computer code for writing the displays is in the public domain. Most modern browsers can already display all the free, syndicatable XML files provided by thousands of websites! Thus, you can already get the information for free in your browser if you know how to access it. (In economic terms, the marginal cost is zero.) What most News Readers/Aggregators competitively offer are alternative user-friendly ways to display, find, or group together the particular headlines you want. Maybe one variant will be the one to catch on, in which case its writer will get compensated by way of job offers and fame. Can I bookmark the Quote of the Day? Yes. Open the Quote of the Day and then right-click the text. You will get a menu of choices offered by your browser. With most browsers you can add it to your Favorites, or put a shortcut to the page on your desktop. The same trick works for the Random Quote Generator. The Quote of the Day now also includes Birthday announcements on the birthdates of over 100 renowned economists plus a few other famous scientists, thinkers, and authors. Want to wish Kenneth Arrow or Jim Buchanan a Happy Birthday? Want to know if today is the anniversary of Bastiat's birth? Want to find out who was born on your own birthday? Check out the Quote of the Day regularly. Many Econlib books use occasional math characters in the text, often Greek characters like phi, mu, Sigma (summation signs), etc. How can I set my browser to display them? No matter how your browser is initially supplied by default, you can improve this easily by adding or expanding the browser's viewed characters or fonts. Your selections will improve your view for many websites. The characters your browser displays differ by browser (IE? Netscape?), browser version (4.0+? 6.0+? 7.0+?), which hardware/operating system you are using (Mac? PC/Windows?), and which specialty fonts you may have personally downloaded or activated to augment the defaults supplied with your machine. Econlib tries to use only the most universal options possible. We use a combination of ISO-8859-1 and the long-established Symbol font, accessible on almost every machine, Mac or PC. a. For older PCs or Macs using IE or Netscape 4.0+ (usually used on Windows 98 or before), you probably have to do nothing. Math and Greek characters within the text will probably be displayed correctly automatically. b. For the newest PC systems, if you use IE 6.0+, you probably have to do nothing. c. If you are having trouble with characters on a page, try selecting Western (ISO-8859-1) or Unicode (UTF-8) in your browser settings. In Netscape, you can reach these options under View/CharacterCoding; turn AutoDetect to Off and then select one of those options while viewing the page. d. If Greek characters still do not display: If you use Netscape 7.0+, select View/Character Coding/Customize. The resulting screen lets you add some fonts to your displayed fonts any time they are detected by your browser. Scroll down the supplied potential list on the left and select Greek(MacGreek). (Do not worry if you are not using a Mac! The font is titled MacGreek, but it long pre-dates Macs. It used to be called Symbol font, and it contains hundreds of standardized Greek and other characters used for math.) Click Add. The item will show up in the right-hand column. Close the window. You should now be able to see the standard math/Greek characters used by Econlib and by hundreds of other websites. e. If you still cannot see basic Greek symbols in math, please email us. The list of books and authors is quite long. Is there a fast way to navigate the drop-down list when I want to search a particular book? You can type the first letter of any author's last name to move quickly up and down in the drop-down list to approximately where you want to go. Thus, to move quickly to any books by Alfred Marshall, press the arrow to bring up the drop-down list of authors, and then type the keyboard letter "m". When the item you want shows up, select it by highlighting it as usual, and click or press return. How can I search a book that is not in the dropdown list? We've added a selection in the Drop-Down List for "Search a Book Not On the List". If you select that option, you'll be taken to our new Card Catalog Search, with instructions to find your book there and then click the Search Book button for that book. See more on using the search tools. Are EconLog articles and comments searched by the Site Search? Yes! However, articles and comments posted in the last week or so might not be found till you select to Update your search (offered in the Site Search Results). You can alternatively Search EconLog directly. For more information, see EconLog Searches. My country's ISPs charge by the hour and my connection is slow, so it's not feasible for me to read the books online. Can I download the books and read them later? Is there a fast way for me to find what I want without even having to download them? Some books can be downloaded in MSReader or Adobe Acrobat Reader (pdf) format. The list of books currently available in this format can be found in the Card Catalog: Show Downloads or on the Books pages. Many items are small enough to be downloaded simply by opening the file in your browser and saving it by selecting File/Save As. (Wait a moment till the file is finished loading into your browser first.) Pick a folder name, and save each file into that folder. Don't forget the Table of Contents and the Footnotes file(s). The book and all its links will then work fine in your browser when you are offline! (You may be missing a few pictures at the tops of the files, depending on your browser, but you will have all the content for the book.) This process can be tedious for a few books that have many files, but it is not much more costly than simply loading the page into your browser: as soon as it's loaded, it can be saved at high speed, and you can read it later. If you can think of some keywords describing what you are looking for, the two search tools on the website can find you immediately either the complete quotations or the individual page you want, without having to download an entire book. Both search tools are both extremely fast, efficient, and helpful. The Book Search tool, which displays complete paragraphs for you, can save a lot of download time because you don't have to click the links to every individual page to see the context for your keyword. If you don't have a particular book in mind, you can select All Books to see all the relevant paragraphs far more quickly than it takes to open each individual page. If you want to check this powerful feature out, try this: Type the two words "invisible hand" (with or without the quotation marks) into the Book Search terms area, and select "All Smith". Notice that you get not just a list of the links, but the full paragraphs, all in a matter of seconds. The context lets you pick efficiently which longer page links you might want to follow up on. How can I make my keyboard Page Up and Page Down buttons work when I am reading a book? If the buttons do not seem to work, click once on the page you are reading. The text of the book might be in a frame that requires activating. How can I change the size of the font in the book? Use your browser's View or Font menu item, or right-click in the window and select the Font option. Please see Accessibility Options or Features in the Help section of your browser for more information. Can I change the font size in the Footnotes? Currently the easiest way to do this is to open the Table of Contents for the book, select Footnotes (which will open the footnote file in a new browser window), and then change the font size in that window. Footnote references in the main text of the book will not, however, link directly to the footnote in question in that window. Scroll in that window to the desired footnote. Can I see the Footnotes if my browser doesn't have Javascript? Yes. Open the Table of Contents for the book, and select Footnotes. The footnote file will open in a new window. Footnote references in the main text of the book will not, however, link directly to the footnote in question in that window. Scroll in that window to the desired footnote. Why are the links to the footnotes in more than one color in some books? In books that have been edited or translated, we've decided to use two ways to differentiate notes written by the book's original author from subsequent editorial and translator notes. First: in the text, footnotes are color-coded by the writer of the footnote (we use the primary book color for the author's notes, and secondary or less vivid colors for the editor's or translator's notes). Second, in the footnote file itself, we mark non-author notes either by enclosing them in square brackets, or by appending the writer's initials or title (and sometimes both methods). Occasional notes by the Econlib Editor are also multiply marked in the same manners. Descriptions of the color-coding scheme are given at the top of each footnote file. Why does the footnote window leap back to its original size each time I go to a new footnote? This is a drawback of Javascript that I have not been able to work around to date. (It occurs fundamentally because the footnote windows are, once opened, then also accessed from additional pages which do not seem to recognize the window that was opened by a different page; if you know a solution, please let us know!) As a user, you can avoid this annoyance by opening the footnotes via the Table of Contents page; but there is a cost in that clicking links to footnotes will not take you to the exact note within a file. Can I change the colors? Both Netscape and Internet Explorer have Accessibility options allowing the user to remove the colors in web pages or change them to any two colors of your choice. The methods differ for different versions of the browsers. Please see Accessibility Options or Features in the Help section of your browser. Quick methods that may also work depending on the version are also available in both browsers in the Options or Preferences sections. Why are the books loaded in Frames? The narrow right-hand frame seems to have no width or content when I start reading a book. The nearly-hidden right-hand frame contains a customizable, slide-out Table of Contents that many people find useful for quick navigation of the books. You can ignore it completely, and use your browser as usual. Or, you can widen it for rapid navigation to other chapters, the complete Footnote file, and other resources and information. You go back and forth between Frames or No Frames at the top of each book at any time, if you find you have a preference for one or the other mode. How can I get the text of a book back into a frame quickly with the table of contents on the right if it is not in a frame? Scroll up to the top of the file and the button labeled "Contents (frames)" (not the button labeled "Table of Contents"). Then choose the chapter you were looking at directly from the Table of Contents. Or, go to the Books page and select either "Go to p. 1" or "Contents". How can I get rid of frames quickly? Scroll up to the top of the book page and select the button labeled "Contents (no frames)" (not the button labeled "Table of Contents"). Then choose the chapter you were looking at directly from the Table of Contents. Once you have loaded a page without frames, you can move to preceding or subsequent chapters, which will load without frames in that window. Also, for most books, choosing the buttons labeled "Table of Contents" will bring up the Contents without frames once you've selected the No Frames option. Alternatively, you can select the No Frames option directly from the Books page page. Or, right-click on the link before opening a page, or see your browser's Help section. In Netscape, you can also right-click in the frame itself and choose Open Frame in New Window. Why does the Site Search sometimes offer me the option to Search a Book, but then not find my search terms in that book? The Site Search tool focuses on "pages," while the Book Search tool focuses on paragraphs. If you search for multiple search terms, the Site Search tool will report a hit for that page even if the terms are far apart on that page. The Book Search tool will report no occurrences if the words are not in the same paragraph. For example, if you search for comparative advantage the Site Search tool will find all pages where the two words "comparative" and "advantage" appear, even if they appear many paragraphs apart. However, the Book Search tool only reports pages with paragraphs containing both words. See more on using the search tools. Can I print the books? Yes, you can print the books. (Please keep in mind that for books not in the public domain, printing one copy for personal use is permitted; but redistribution or repackaging would violate the website copyright of many features of these editions of the books.) By using the Print Page button located at the top of any book page, you will get a page specially formatted for printing. The page also features The relevant footnotes for the chapter(s) Original page numbers, if they are available in the file The Econlib paragraph numbers Any charts or equations that appear in the chapter Occasionally, Greek or other special characters may not print the same way you see them online. Printers differ, and some printers may be unable to render certain fonts. Econlib has worked hard to use common fonts and small graphics, so this problem should be rare; but if you know you are printing an item with special characters, it's worth taking a moment to check your printed copy. Some Econlib books contain charts or other graphic elements. These elements may print in a smaller-than-desired size. To print a larger copy, return to the online version of the book and click the chart. This action brings it up in a new window, which can then be printed directly. May I paste quotations from this website into my research papers? Absolutely yes, so long as you appropriately cite the material! We make it easy to do so by putting a Citation Generator on each page. The page URL, date, author, book title, publication date, etc. are only a click away, and it's all formatted for you to copy and paste right into your papers. I'm a librarian. What can this website offer me or the students and teachers who come to me for information? For a complete list of the economics books, classic and modern, and authors whose works are carried here, see the Books page. The books are carefully proofread to authenticated editions. The electronic rights to books under current copyright have been acquired by the website; and all books are provided free for general reading and research. We also recommend our Card Catalog for a fast way to find or sort any of our books by author, title, words or phrases in the book, or even by publisher or approximate date of publication. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (CEE) contains short expository articles by 141 top economists on popular economics topics. The articles are addressed to college-level readers, with additional materials for more advanced readers. Eighty biographies of famous economists are also included. A thorough Index, the Book Search tool and one-click formatted citation information for every page make the CEE fast and easy to use. Check out the Citation Generator, a free citation tool available for every book page that saves students and researchers time by providing one-click, pre-formatted, cut-and-paste citation information for all our book pages. And: take a look at the Book Search tool, which goes a step beyond displaying just links to pages, and displays the complete paragraphs for all keywords, speeding the time it takes to locate material. Finally, don't miss our Links page, where we maintain a list of the most reliable, best-documented other sources for online economics books and essays. You can also register for monthly Econlib News, announcing new books and articles. Please feel free to email us if you have questions or suggestions of other ways we can be helpful. I'm a teacher. May I link directly to individual works on this site for my students? Yes! Anyone may freely link to individual pages, chapters, or paragraphs without passing through the site's cover page. Many famous passages already have hidden internal tags that allow direct links. Please see the next question on how to find the tags and link to passages, or email us if you need instructions on how to find out what they are; and please email us if you have a suggestion for a new one. How do I link to individual pages or passages? There are several methods to find the exact URL for a page, including passage-marking tags within pages, so that you can link directly to passages. One way is to make sure you are not in a frame, use a link you've already found to go to where you want, and then copy the exact code out of your browser's location window into the word processor you are using. Another method is to point your cursor to a link to that spot, and then copy the exact location out of the "tool bar" at the bottom of your browser. A third method is to go to the page to which you want to link, examine the page's Source Code for the desired tag, and then add that tag to the page URL, putting a sharp-character (#) between the ".html" and the desired tag. A fourth method, one that will get you the correct page information even if you are inside of a frame when you use it, is to click the "Cite this Page" link from any book page; at the bottom of the popup page you will find the exact HTML code necessary to link to that page. A fifth method is to email us and we'll happily help you out! To link to any of the passages quoted on the Best-Known Quotations page, just click the desired link and copy the code in full from your browser's location window. See also the sections on using the Citation Generator and Copyright information further information. How often do you change the URLs? Our goal is that every page on this site, once released, has an unchanging URL. We understand that teachers, students, and other websites want to be able to cite the website or link to it without worrying that the URLs might change or disappear. We've put a lot of thought into the structure of this site to make it permanent, stable, and reliable. How well proofread are these books? Most of the books on this website are doubly-proofread by professional editors and proofreaders to original editions. A few books are released while the proofreading is in its final stages so that our users can access them sooner. However, in all such cases the works have been proofread once and have been determined to be nearly typo-free before that release. That said, as anyone who has ever published a book knows, no book is ever typo-free or error-free. If you find a typo or missing graphic or any other typographical error about which you think we'd want to know, we encourage you to let us know! Our goal is to make these works as error-free as possible over time. How do you select editions when there are multiple editions of a famous work? We do a substantial amount of prior research before making an edition decision. We consider such factors as which editions were published within the author's lifetime (for which the author presumably had the final say), whether editions published subsequent to an author's lifetime were produced with academic annotations by a renowned researcher (usually noting changes and additions over the various previous editions and supplying interesting historical details and references), whether a particular edition is widely cited already so that making it available on line will ease references from other works, and whether a work was translated and when that translation occurred. For works under current copyright, we have worked to acquire the most recent editions. In a few cases, we have decided to publish two separate editions of a work. This might be because of alternate translations, or because the author's changes fundamentally changed the book from one edition to the next. Are all the books on this website in the public domain? No. Many are, but quite a few are not. The Library of Economics and Liberty has negotiated the electronic rights to all works that are not in the public domain. Electronic rights allow you to read and use the work, but do not permit redistribution. Out of curiosity, how do I know if a work on this site is in the public domain? A quick rule of thumb is that if a work was published before 1923, the content is no longer under copyright, and thus it is in the public domain. (The rules for works published after 1923 are more complicated; some are public domain and some are not. Two recommended sources are Copyright Basics [U.S. Copyright Office] and Summary Table.) Each work on this website has two pieces of pertinent information regarding copyright and provenance: 1. the Copyright Information at the bottom of each page; and 2. the Citation Generator on each page, which pops up the publication date of the hard-copy edition of the book that was the main basis for this website's edition. (Sometimes other editions are consulted to resolve discrepancies; or obvious typos or stylistic quirks are noted and corrected; or, more unfortunately, typos may have been occasionally introduced by accident of the electronic input processes or the inability of electronic media to replicate occasional details such as exact colors, math equations, fonts, or unusual characters—but see the questions on proofreading and math). If the work is not public domain, the Copyright Information at the bottom of each page gives specific copyright details for each aspect of the work. If the work is public domain, the Liberty Fund copyright at the page bottom covers the additional research, design, and art scans involved in producing this work on line. We recommend you check both the copyright and citation material; feel free to contact us for more information on any specific work. What do you do about graphs, tables, mathematical equations, unusual characters or fonts, and foreign alphabets such as Greek, Cyrillic, or Hebrew? Tables are almost always reproduced using HTML, and should thus be searchable and visible in any browser. A few unusually large tables are produced by scan in .gif or .jpg format. We try to produce tables in HTML despite a few occasional drawbacks. One drawback is that it is not effective to try to reproduce vertical decimal alignment using HTML if the author's intent is clear enough without struggling with that. Vertical and horizontal rules, and other details of alignment are often sacrificed so long as the author's intent remains clear. Another drawback is that a few tables, sometimes those where the original printing required the column headings to be printed vertically or those where the tables were printed on fold-out pages or in print so tiny that the conversion to HTML will obviate the author's goal for the reader to visualize the whole table at once, are too wide to print physically to paper. We sometimes have reduced the font to make these fit (or else given up and produced the tables as .gif files); you can reduce or increase the font in your browser to suit your needs. If you need to reduce or magnify a .gif or .jpg file, you can sometimes do that with your own machine's software directly. If you save the file and then open it in any good art or photography software you can reduce, enlarge, or turn it at will for the purpose of printing or inspecting it. Graphs and figures within books are produced by scans in either .gif or .jpg format. If they are reduced for display within a paragraph, they can be enlarged in a separate browser window by clicking on them. For foreign languages and mathematics, we integrate the best technologies available on a case-by-case basis. Whenever possible, mathematical equations or unusual variables or characters are handled by using available ASCII characters in the existing character sets recognized by most browsers. This choice enables maximum display and searchability of documents. In cases where those characters are unavailable or a poor choice, such as entire Greek words or some in-text equations, we use small graphic files that read just like the surrounding text for most users. For difficult displayed equations, we use Donald Knuth's incomparable math typesetting software TeX to generate the correct underlying equation, and then cut a small graphic of the displayed .dvi file. In a few extreme cases in which displayed equations permeate an entire chapter or essay, the entire chapter is produced in TeX and used to generate a .pdf file. (To read .pdf files, you need a common free browser plug-in, Adobe's Acrobat Reader. For an example of such a file on this website, see Marshall, Principles of Economics, Mathematical Appendix.) TeX is ASCII-based and the TeX files are searched when using a Site Search, even if the final .pdf file is not searched.