About the Author
Frederic Bastiat (1801-1850) was a French economist, statesman, and author. He was the leader of the free-trade movement in France from its inception in 1840 until his untimely death in 1850. The first 45 years of his life were spent in preparation for five tremendously productive years writing in favor of freedom. Bastiat was the founder of the weekly newspaper,
Le Libre Échange, a contributor to numerous periodicals, and the author of sundry pamphlets and speeches dealing with the pressing issues of his day. Most of his writing was done in the years directly before and after the Revolution of 1848—a time when France was rapidly embracing socialism. As a deputy in the Legislative Assembly, Bastiat fought valiantly for the private property order, but unfortunately the majority of his colleagues chose to ignore him. Frederic Bastiat remains one of the great champions of freedom whose writings retain their relevance as we continue to confront the old adversary.
Frédéric Bastiat: Ideas and Influence (Foundation for Economic Education, 1963).
All translations in this Introduction are from the original French. Thus, my selection of words will doubtless differ somewhat from those chosen by the translator of the text. That, of course, is of no consequence.
Notes to “To the Youth of France”
[“I, too, am a painter,” supposedly the young Correggio’s words when he first saw Raphael’s painting of Saint Cecilia.—Translator.]
[As the ensuing pages of this book make clear, Bastiat uses the words “political economy” and the “economists” to designate in a general way the “classical” school of economists to which he himself gave allegiance. These include the eighteenth-century “physiocrats”: Quesnay (
Tableau èconomique, 1759), Mercier de la Rivière, Dupont de Nemours, Le Trôsne, Mirabeau, Condorcet, and Turgot; the “English School”: Adam Smith, Malthus, John Stuart Mill, Senior, Scrope, and Ricardo; and his own French contemporaries: Jean-Baptiste Say, Pellegrino Rossi, Garnier, and others less well known who held similar views on wealth and free exchange. See also Bastiat’s comments in chapter 9.—Translator.]
[Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), English economist. Cf. chapter 16 for Bastiat’s discussion of his
Essay on the Principle of Population.—Translator.]
[David Ricardo (1772-1823), English economist of the classical school.—Translator.]
[Alexis Charles Henri Clérel de Tocqueville (1805-1859), statesman and author of numerous significant books.—Translator.]
[“Socialists,” “egalitarians,” “communists”: In France, before the time of Karl Marx, of course, these terms were used, as Bastiat uses them, to refer generally to those political theorists advocating collectivism primarily as a means to advance equality. Before and during the Revolution they included Morelly (
Code de la nature, 1755); Mably (
Doutes…. sur l’ordre naturel et essentiel des sociétés politiques, 1768); Babeuf, founder of the society of “the Equals” (executed in 1797), and his later followers: Philippe Buonarroti, Armand Barbès, Martin Bernard, and Louis Auguste Blanqui. Bastiat also includes as sharers of these ideas his contemporary “planners of artificial social orders”: Fourier, Louis Blanc, Considérant, Cabet, Owen, and Saint-Simon. (Cf. notes on Fourier, Louis Blanc, Owen, and Cabet, chapter 1, p. 11; on Proudhon, chapter 5, p. 128; on Considérant, p. 550.)—Translator.]
See footnote
supra on “socialists.”
Chapter 1
I can illustrate this law more clearly by figures. Let us take three periods during which capital increases while labor remains constant, and let us represent total production in each of the three periods as: 80-100-120. The distribution will be as follows:
|
Capital’s Share |
Labor’s Share |
Total |
| First period |
45 |
35 |
80 |
| Second period |
50 |
50 |
100 |
| Third period |
55 |
65 |
120 |
Of course, these ratios are intended to serve only as an illustration.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1