Unlike Hutchinson, Tim Congdon worried not about inflation but about deflation in 2009. He also wrote in favor of the Bank of England’s efforts to combat it, and did so despite the fact that the growth rate of the U.K.’s M2 money stock was then (July 2009) 10 percent, and would soon reach 15 percent. (The U.K. inflation rate, in the meantime, went from just under 2 percent in 2009 to a post-2008 peak of almost 4 percent in 2011, casting doubt on whether the Bank of England really needed to “keep the money flowing to stave deflation.” Still, 4 percent inflation was far from exorbitant by British standards.) Yet Congdon now considers a 15 percent M2 growth rate dangerously high for the U.S., while otherwise embracing the same quantity-theoretic reasoning Hutchinson uses to determine where prices are headed.
But that reasoning, which rushes straight from money growth rates to likely inflation, rests on assumptions that are just as false today as they were in 2009. One of these is that the velocity of M2 and other broad money representations—the rate at which the money in question gets exchanged for goods and services—hasn’t declined substantially. Another is that the reserve “multiplier”—the ratio of the quantity of broad money to the stock of bank reserves—hasn’t itself declined.
That both of these assumptions are false ought by now to be notorious. But for those who aren’t convinced, the following two FRED charts should suffice to drive the point home:
This is from the always excellent George Selgin, “Return of the Inflation Mongers,” Alt-M, April 27.
I left out the two FRED charts for two reasons. First, I’m lazy. Second and more important, I want you to read his whole article. It’s not long but is very informative. George is one of the most careful monetary economists out there.
READER COMMENTS
Michael
Apr 27 2020 at 4:55pm
George Selgin is as good as anyone at explaining monetary policy to a general audience.
Matthias Görgens
May 5 2020 at 12:21am
He even convinced me that the classical good standard was a good idea.
(Funny enough, it was a good idea only in combination with fractional reserve banking. You seldom meet someone who’s in favour of both.)
Ghost
Apr 29 2020 at 10:31am
Logically, only the first of the two assumptions that Selgin mentions – the one about broad money velocity – matters in this case.
The second – about the money multiplier between bank reserves and broad money – isn’t relevant: the growth in M2 has already happened.
Thomas Hutcheson
Apr 29 2020 at 12:06pm
We’ve had insufficient inflation since 2008 but expectations fallen even more since February. It’s the TIPS spread on the 5 year note that has collapsed. Expectations for 6-10 years (though still below the Fed’s supposed target) have hardly changed.
Mark Brophy
Apr 29 2020 at 12:42pm
We’ve had high asset inflation for 10 years. In a free market, stocks act as a means of allocating capital with some investors winning and many others losing. When the government manipulates interest rates, making them artificially low, most investors win, destroying the function of allocating capital well, and we can see this in the fracking industry where profits are small relative to investments. We can also see it in excessive stock buybacks, especially in the airline industry that the government is bailing out. We also have many other brittle businesses without cash saved for the rainy day that we’re now enduring. In summary, not only is inflation high but we’ve suffered greatly because of it.
Thomas Hutcheson
Apr 29 2020 at 5:35pm
By what metric do you judge interest rates as “excessively low” or asset inflation as “high”? What does US-GOSPLAN say they should have been? 🙂
Mark Brophy
Apr 30 2020 at 9:12pm
Any interest rate substantially lower than historic rates of the last 500 years is too low. After adjusting for inflation, 4% is the historic average. Negative rates and rates close to zero are unprecedented, absurdly low. A rate of 2% is very low but not completely absurd. Interest rates should be set by free markets rather than manipulated by central bankers.
Matthias Görgens
May 5 2020 at 12:42am
Thanks to arbitrage real interest rates are global.
What influence do you think local manipulations have on global interest rates?
Dale K
Apr 30 2020 at 11:43am
I’m discouraged. I’ve completely lost any confidence I had in understanding the causes of inflation. Weren’t we taught that “too much Money chasing too few goods” was generally reliable? Has that been busted? If busted, replaced by what? Even if not, Velocity (actually is variability) is too poorly understood to build a useful definition of Money. Economists: Help us!
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