The American economist James Tobin received the 1981 Nobel Prize “for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production, and prices.” Many people regard Tobin as America’s most distinguished Keynesian economist. Tobin’s most important work was on financial markets. He developed theories to explain how financial markets affect people’s consumption and investment decisions.

Tobin argued that one cannot predict the effect of monetary policy on output and unemployment simply by knowing the interest rate or the rate of growth of the money supply. Monetary policy has its effect, he claimed, by affecting capital investment, whether in plant and equipment or in consumer durables. And although interest rates are an important factor in capital investment, they are not the only factor. Tobin introduced the concept of “Tobin’s q” as a measure to predict whether capital investment will increase or decrease. The q is the ratio between the market value of an asset and its replacement cost. Tobin pointed out that if an asset’s q is less than one—that is, the asset’s value is less than its replacement cost—then new investment in similar assets is not profitable. If, on the other hand, q exceeds one, this is a signal for further investment in similar assets. Tobin’s insight was also relevant to his ongoing debate with Milton Friedman and other monetarists (see monetarism). Tobin argued that his q, by predicting future capital investment, would be a good predictor of economy-wide economic conditions.

Tobin’s portfolio-selection theory is another of his contributions. He argued that investors balance high-risk, high-return investments with safer ones so as to achieve a balance in their portfolios. Tobin’s insights helped pave the way for further work in finance theory.

Tobin did his undergraduate and graduate work at Harvard University, with an interruption to serve in the U.S. Navy during World War II. In 1950 he became an economics professor at Yale University, taking a leave of absence to serve as a member of President John F. Kennedy’s Council of Economic Advisers from January 1961 to July 1962. Tobin was quite proud of the 1962 Economic Report of the President that he helped to write. Tobin called the report, which was mainly written by chairman Walter Heller, along with Tobin, Kermit Gordon, Robert Solow, and Arthur Okun, “the manifesto of our [Keynesian] economics, applied to the United States and world economic conditions of the day.” Its counterpart in the Reagan years was the 1982 Economic Report. Always the partisan, although an honest and thoughtful one, Tobin said: “It is interesting to compare the two; we have nothing to fear.”

Tobin was also an adviser to 1972 presidential candidate George McGovern. Like most other economists across the political spectrum, Tobin believed that government regulation often causes damage. “We should be especially suspicious of interventions that seem both inefficient and inequitable,” he wrote; “for example, rent controls in New York or Moscow or Mexico City, or price supports and irrigation subsidies benefiting affluent farmers, or low-interest loans to well-heeled students.”

In 1970 Tobin was president of the American Economic Association. He is also the author of this encyclopedia’s article on monetary policy.


About the Author

 

David R. Henderson is the editor of The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. He is also an emeritus professor of economics with the Naval Postgraduate School and a research fellow with the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He earned his Ph.D. in economics at UCLA.


Selected Works

 

1958. “Liquidity Preference as Behavior Towards Risk.” Review of Economic Studies 25, no. 67: 124–131.
1965. “On Improving the Economic Status of the Negro.” Daedalus 94, no. 4: 878–897.
1966. National Economic Policy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1974. The New Economics One Decade Older. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1988 (edited with Murray Weidenbaum). Two Revolutions in Economic Theory: The First Economic Reports of Presidents Kennedy and Reagan. Cambridge: MIT Press.
1990. “One or Two Cheers for ‘The Invisible Hand.’” Dissent (Spring): 229–236.