The Continental System: An Economic Interpretation
By Eli F. Heckscher
THE author of the present inquiry into the Continental System during the beginning of the last century is known as one of the most prominent political economists in Scandinavia and as a thorough investigator of the history of commerce. Among other things he has done very useful work by his suggestive researches concerning the economy of the World War.When the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace publishes the book, the obvious explanation is that the Continental blockade in many ways throws light on the economic blockade among the belligerent powers involved by the World War…. [From the Preface by Harald Westergaard]
Translator/Editor
Harald Westergaard, ed. C. S. Fearenside, trans.
First Pub. Date
1918
Publisher
Oxford: Clarendon Press
Pub. Date
1922
Comments
First published in Swedish.
Copyright
The text of this edition is in the public domain.
- Editors Preface, by Harald Westergaard
- Authors Preface
- Chronological Table
- Introduction
- Part I, Foreword
- Part I, Chapter I
- Part I, Chapter II
- Part I, Chapter III
- Part I, Chapter IV
- Part II, Chapter I
- Part II, Chapter II
- Part II, Chapter III
- Part II, Chapter IV
- Part II, Chapter V
- Part III, Chapter I
- Part III, Chapter II
- Part III, Chapter III
- Part III, Chapter IV
- Part III, Chapter V
- Part III, Chapter VI
- Part IV, Chapter I
- Part IV, Chapter II
- Part IV, Chapter III
- Part IV, Chapter IV
- Part IV, Conclusion
- Bibliographical Note
- Appendix I
- Appendix II
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
| 1678 | Beginning of Anglo-French commercial war | |
| 1713 | Anglo-French commercial treaty of Utrecht | |
| 1776 | Publication of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations |
|
| 1780 | League of Armed Neutrality | |
| 1786 | Anglo-French commercial treaty (Eden Treaty) | |
| 1788 | French industrial crisis | |
| 1789 | Convocation of French States General | |
| 1791 | New French protective tariff | |
| 1793 | (Feb.) | Outbreak of Anglo-French war Captures authorized by Great Britain |
| (Mar.) | French prohibitive customs law | |
| (June) | British food blockade directed against France | |
| (Sept.) | French Navigation Act | |
| (Oct.) | Truculent French prohibitive measure | |
| (Nov.) | British naval instructions against French colonial trade | |
| 1794 | (Mar.) | Scandinavian League of Armed Neutrality |
| (Aug.) | Revocation of British food blockade | |
| 1796 | (July) | French enactment against neutral trade |
| 1797 | (Feb.) | British bank restriction |
| 1798 | (Jan.) | New British naval blockade ( entrepôt principle) Passage of French ‘Nivôse Law’ |
| 1799 | (Dec.) | Repeal of ‘Nivôse Law’ |
| 1800 | (Dec.) | New League of Armed Neutrality |
| 1801 | (Mar.-Apr.) | Battle of the Baltic; collapse of Armed Neutrality |
| 1802 | (Mar.) | Peace of Amiens |
| 1803 | (Apr.) | French duties on cotton goods |
| (May) | Renewal of Anglo-French war | |
| (June-July) | British blockade of Elbe and Weser | |
| 1804 | (beginning) | Confiscation of British goods in Holland |
| (Apr.) | Blockade of French ports | |
| 1805 | (May) | Restriction of American carrying trade ( Essex case) |
| (Oct.) | Battle of Trafalgar Publication of James Stephen’s War in Disguise |
|
| (Oct.-Dec.) | Collapse of Austria; Peace of Pressburg | |
| 1806 | (Jan.) | Death of William Pitt; Ministry of ‘All the Talents’ |
| (Feb.-Apr.) | Codification of French prohibitive customs duties | |
| 1806 | (Apr.) | American Non-importation Act |
| (May) | North Sea blockade instituted by Fox | |
| (Sept.) | Death of Fox | |
| (Oct.) | Collapse of Prussia | |
| (Nov.) | Berlin decree | |
| (Dec.) | Execution of the Continental System in Hamburg | |
| 1807 | (Jan.) | ‘First’ (Whig) Order in Council |
| (Mar.) | ‘All the Talents’ succeeded by Portland Ministry | |
| (June) | Anglo-American affair of the Chesapeake |
|
| (Sept.) | Bombardment of Copenhagen; British occupation of Heligoland | |
| (Nov.) | New (Tory) Orders in Council | |
| (Nov.) | First Milan decree | |
| (Dec.) | Second Milan decree | |
| (Dec.) | American Embargo Act | |
| (end) | French occupation of Etruria; Leghorn in French hands | |
| 1808 | (Apr.) | Bayonne decree against America |
| (May-June) | Spanish insurrection; opening-up of new transmarine markets to Great Britain | |
| (Sept.) | Closing of French-Dutch frontier | |
| 1809 | (Mar.) | American Non-intercourse Act Diminished vigilance along North Sea coast |
| (Apr.) | New (formally milder) Order in Council | |
| (Jan.-July) | British occupation of French colonies | |
| (July) | French Schönbrunn decree; new customs cordon in western Germany | |
| (Oct.) | Peace of Vienna; Trieste in French hands | |
| 1810 | (Jan.) | French prize decree |
| (Mar.) | Rambouillet decree against America | |
| (Mar.-July) | Incorporation of Holland with the French Empire | |
| (May) | Freedom of American trade | |
| (July) | French licence decree | |
| (July-Aug.) | Outbreak of grave crisis in Great Britain and France | |
| (Aug.) | Trianon tariff Fictitious revocation of French Continental decrees |
|
| (Oct.) | Fontainebleau decree Great British mercantile fleet in the Baltic | |
| (Dec.) | Incorporation of the North Sea coast with the French Empire | |
| (Dec.) | Rupture between France and Russia (new Russian tariff) Rest of French colonial empire lost |
|
| 1811 | (Mar.) | American Non-importation Act Continuation of crisis in Great Britain and France |
| 1812 | (Feb.) | Abatement of British crisis |
| (June) | Revocation of British Orders in Council as against America British-American war |
|
| (June-Nov.) | Napoleon’s Russian campaign | |
| 1813 | (Jan.) | Insurrections in Hamburg and Grand Duchy of Berg Wars of Liberation |
| 1814 | (Apr.) | Abdication of Napoleon Revocation of Continental decrees |
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Eli F. Heckscher