Running the risk of retreading old ground, I wanted to talk one more time about how definitions can be either clarifying or misleading, depending on how they are used. In my first foray into this area, I briefly mentioned Eliezer Yudkowsky’s essay Taboo Your Words, where Yudkowsky suggests people replace words with descriptions of the concepts to which those words are meant to refer, in order to prevent differences in definitions from causing unnecessary confusion. He uses the example of two people disagreeing over whether a falling tree still makes a sound if nobody hears it, where one person is defining sound to mean auditory experience while the other defines sound to mean acoustic vibrations.
The key skill here is what Yudkowsky calls “the general skill of blanking a word out of my mind” – and this is a very important skill when one is trying to understand the views of others. This was made particularly clear to me when I was going through my multiple-post review and critique of Yoram Hazony’s Conservatism: A Rediscovery. Many commentors seemed to be very tripped up over Hazony’s definitions of “conservative” and “liberal.” When reading that book, I did what Yudkowsky describes – I simply blanked out my usual definition of “conservative” and “liberal” and substituted in Hazony’s own. Failing to do this would prevent me from adequately understanding and engaging his case – as I put it in a post dedicated to my evaluation of his definitions, “many people have used the term ‘conservative’ to refer to many different worldviews, and for Hazony to make his case for conservatism effectively it is necessary to make clear exactly what he means when he speaks of conservatism.”
Michael Huemer points out:
But even though no concept has a universally valid and accepted definition, we can still have discussions about them. And with most concepts, it works out that most people, most of the time, mean mostly the same things when they use a given word, which is good enough for most communication. But in more serious discussions, definitions need to be more precise in order to make an argument more clear. And all we can do about this is stipulate a definition when we enter a discussion and go from there. Hazony did what we all have to do – in the general space of thinkers and ideas, he drew a line around certain sets of ideas, and thinkers whose work embodied those ideas, and said, “when I say conservatism, I mean everything inside this set.” And he did the same thing for “liberal” – he stipulated a specific set of ideas embodied by particular sets of thinkers and said that when he referred to “liberals” or “liberalism” he was referring to those thinkers and ideas. And when reading his book, I blanked out the words “conservative” and “liberal” in my mind, and replaced them with Hazony’s stipulated definitions, so I could understand his argument on his own terms.
Now, Hazony’s definitions were different from my own, and different from many of EconLog’s readers. But I noticed, with some disappointment, that there were some comments by people who were getting bogged down by insisting that Hazony was “misrepresenting liberalism” or things of that nature, simply because they defined “liberalism” differently from Hazony. One person said Hazony was conflating the French Enlightenment with the Scottish Enlightenment – which was of course simply not true. In order for that to happen, Hazony would have needed to say something like “Scottish Enlightenment thinkers argued XYZ,” where XYZ was some set of ideas that was actually articulated by French Enlightenment thinkers. But Hazony never did this. What I think motivated this comment was the fact that many of the ideas Hazony classified as “liberal” were not held by Scottish Enlightenment thinkers – which are the ideas this commenter had in his mind when thinking of the term “liberalism.”
But Hazony also recognized that Scottish Enlightenment thinkers were in opposition to the ideas he criticized as “liberalism,” writing that against the philosophical rationalists, “empiricist political theorists such as Montesquieu, David Hume, Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, and Edmund Burke rejected John Locke’s axioms and sought to rebuild political philosophy on the basis of things that can be known from history and from an examination of actual human societies and governments.” That is to say, when Hazony draws boundaries around what sets of thinkers and ideas he means when he says “conservative”, those boundaries include thinkers like Hume, Smith, and Ferguson. So, he never conflates the ideas of French Enlightenment thinkers with Scottish Enlightenment thinkers. He explicitly and unambiguously separated the two, and considers the Scottish Enlightenment thinkers to be part of the conservative tradition, as he defines and defends it.
Again, I define things differently. The boundaries I draw put thinkers like Adam Smith in the “liberal” category, not the “conservative” category. But I don’t pretend that my definition of the concept of “liberalism” is somehow the “objectively correct” one, and that Hazony’s is therefore wrong or somehow guilty of misrepresenting liberalism. And by recognizing that Hazony and I draw these boundaries in different places, I was also able to recognize that there is some degree of overlap between the “liberalism” I advocate and the “conservatism” he advocates. If I hadn’t been able to blank out the meaning of words in my mind and evaluate Hazony’s arguments based on the definitions he stipulated when making his case, it would be very easy to overlook the areas of common ground. And if there’s one thing the world doesn’t need more of right now, it’s lost opportunities to find areas of common ground or shared values.
The more widely one reads the work of political philosophers, the more apparent it becomes how little consensus there is about the meaning of terms like “liberal” or “conservative.” For example, N. Scott Arnold, in his book Imposing Values, wrote of anarcho-capitalists that “whatever their sympathies, these anarchists are not classical liberals because they are not liberals. By definition, all liberals believe in at least the minimal state.” So, by his definition, the very idea of liberal anarchism is ruled out from the get-go.
Meanwhile, in their history of libertarianism titled The Individualists: Radicals, Reactionaries, and the Struggle for the Soul of Libertarianism, Matt Zwolinski and John Tomasi also stipulate a set of definitions for various political philosophies. The even put their classification in a handy Venn diagram form. There is a large set called “broad libertarianism,” which contains within it both “strict libertarianism” and “contemporary classical liberalism,” neither of which overlap with each other. But “contemporary classical liberalism” partially overlaps with “neoliberalism,” the latter of which partly extends outside the border of “broad libertarianism.” But there’s another set called “historical classical liberalism” that represents the ideas of thinkers like Hume, Smith, and John Stuart Mill, which has no overlap with any of these other sets. So, in this categorization, the ideas of Smith and Hume and Ferguson sit entirely outside of modern classical liberalism.
I could go on, but the point is this – even among people who have spent their entire lives studying liberalism, identify as liberals, and write books defending liberalism, there is no widespread agreement over what “liberal” or “liberalism” mean. So, it should come as no surprise – nor should it be taken as a sign of bad faith – if a critic of “liberalism” also means something differently by that term than you do. If you want to make progress understanding the ideas people hold, both their strengths and weaknesses, it’s worth cultivating an ability to blank out words in your mind, to better focus on the ideas that lay beneath.
READER COMMENTS
David Seltzer
Apr 5 2024 at 10:48am
Kevin, good stuff per usual. Bill Clinton sent the grand jury into a tizzy when he said, “It depends on what the meaning of the word ‘is’ is.” It seems his answer was legally accurate.
Jim Glass
Apr 5 2024 at 3:46pm
Not so correct that he didn’t have his law license suspended for five years (effectively forever) because of it.
David Seltzer
Apr 5 2024 at 5:22pm
Yup!
john hare
Apr 6 2024 at 4:33am
To me, Liberal and Conservative have mostly devolved into tribal labels often used to insult the “other” group. When necessary I just try to understand where one is coming from. Then all too often I am just um yeah okay to avoid an argument on a subject of little current importance to me.
Understanding others is important, but too often assumed. I am basically a redneck that spends a lot of time with the Hispanic community. (wife from Mexico) One expression that I had a hard time with is “too much”. When I say it, it means there is a problem that might need to be addressed. When the ones from central to southern Mexico say it, it simply means a lot. As in someone hitting the lottery won “too much” money translates to “a lot” of money.
It is very easy to misunderstand meanings even when both are speaking the same language.
Neil S
Apr 6 2024 at 10:15am
A an employee of a major oil company in the early 80’s, I made my first trip to Canada to a retail Dealer’s convention to demonstrate the point of sale system we had developed.
A complete communication breakdown occurred when one of the service station owners asked me “What’s it worth?”. I tried to explain that value is subjective, so I couldn’t answer his question. After about five minutes of frustration for both of us, I finally was able to translate his question to “What does it cost?”.
Jan Lester
Apr 6 2024 at 11:34am
Much unnecessary confusion may be easily avoided by always distinguishing definitions (being about how words are used) from theories (being about what the world is like). Then there are are also types of definitions (popular usage, educated usage, stipulative, etc.) and types of theories (ad-arguendo assumption, bold conjecture, etc.).
Jim Glass
Apr 6 2024 at 11:01pm
“Equity” is a word that has three different dictionary definitions in law, finance & accounting, and general conversation, plus now a fourth strange significance thanks to DEI. One must know one’s audience when using it.
“Socialism”: The ‘real’ meaning of the word as per Lenin and Mises and the economic calculation problem is forgotten by near all. Bernie Sanders is an officially registered socialist who named as his role model Sweden — which is all but a Cato Institute testing ground with vouchered public schools, franchised postal services running from private shops and gas stations, privatized municipal and transport services, etc., and a top rating on the economic freedom list. When those on the left think the land of IKEA furniture is the exemplar of socialism, Marx and Lenin are spinning hard enough in their graves to be tapped as a source of green energy.
“Capitalism”: Even worse. I’ve heard it blamed for the deforestation of Easter Island, all the slavery in the history of the world, harsh working conditions building the Egyptian pyramids … anything at all in world history “progressives” want to cite as an example of badness proving the need for government to control something.
“Hegemon” I’ve heard a lot lately, usually in politics arguing with some assumption of “big is bad”, the USA is the biggest, so it is a hegemon, and that’s bad. The far left and far right meet here with “Putin and Xi are just standing up for the rights of their countries and the third world against the American Hegemon”. OK, looking at the Wikipedia definitions of “hegemon” I see…
That sounds like a nasty oppressor! The Roman Empire, and Stalin’s USSR. But the USA can’t even “dictate the internal politics” of Canada or seal its own border with Mexico. So by this definition, America is one sad sack sorry excuse for a hegemon. OTOH, another definition on the same page is “the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states,” which fits the USA just fine. If you ever face an argument involving this word, don’t let anyone pull a bait-and-switch between meanings.
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