
The Trump administration is revising the criteria for deciding on the style of new government buildings. Henceforth, “classical” styles will be favored. I believe the term “classical” is actually a sort of catch-all for “traditional architectural styles that are grand and impressive.” For instance, the NYT reports:
The draft order praises the Washington building now known as the Eisenhower Executive Office Building as “beautiful and beloved.” Harry Truman called it the “greatest monstrosity in America.” Suffice it to say that taste changes and style, by definition, is the most superficial criterion for evaluating architecture.
The building is actually French Second Empire, not classical:
In defense of the Trump administration, I think you can make an argument that many of the great art museums and train stations of the 1800s and early 1900s (often Beaux-Arts style) still hold up well. Modern architecture is a mixed bag, with some great works and also some duds. But I see several problems with trying to force a single style on government contracts:
1. Architects might try to “game the system”. Imagine that the regulations call for “classical elements”. Does this Japanese building qualify?
Before commenters jump all over me, I do realize that nothing that goofy is likely to be built here. But a portion of the “postmodernism” movement in architecture consisted of adding classical elements to modern buildings, often in what is now regarded as a rather tacky fashion. Consider the famous AT&T building designed by Philip Johnson:
So one unintentional side effect is the use of gimmicks, which later look foolish.
2. A second problem is that quality might suffer. Great artists (and architects are artists) are driven to produce innovative styles. They hate to copy the greats of the past. If you ask people to write Beethoven-style symphonies, or paint Rembrandt-style paintings, they won’t be as good as the originals. Rather you will have second-rate artists produce schlocky works of art.
Imagine trying to recreate a Taj Mahal-style building. I can’t resist this photo of a casino produced by a name you might recognize:
I think even President Trump supporters might question his claim that this casino was “the eighth wonder of the world.”
3. There’s something kind of weird about the current debate between “classical” and “modern” architecture in government buildings. It ignores a third option—America’s own contribution to the field of architecture, including the work of Richardson, Sullivan and especially Wright. This work spans the period from 1870 to 1960, and includes many famous innovations such as the “prairie style”. Why wouldn’t patriotic Americans want to promote our own innovators, our own indigenous style? Do conservatives really want to favor French Second Empire over the work of Wright, who’s like someone out of an Ayn Rand novel? (Read Ross Douthat on decadence). Here’s Wright’s Marin County Civic Center:
Let’s assume that some public buildings are built to last longer than private buildings. Let’s also assume that “the public” is the consumer of public buildings, and that the average American has taste that is slightly more conservative that the average wealthy private sector builder (but not Trump!) In that case, you might want to skew the style selection process a bit away from untested and edgy designs. Let private or non-for-profits institutions first experiment with the latest from Rem Koolhaus or Frank Gehry, and then adopt them in public buildings if they are viewed as successful.
4. There’s a difference between modern architecture that’s “difficult” and modern architecture that’s “pretty”. I have mixed feelings about the work of Santiago Calatrava, but it does seem that the public likes this sort of graceful modern architecture:
Like many nostalgic types, I mourn the loss of NYC’s Penn Station:
But would putting a schlocky mock Penn Station above NYC’s new transit hub actually have met our modern needs better than this:
Ross Douthat is much more conservative than I am, but even he says we need to stop wallowing in the past and charge boldly into the future. I don’t think the new regulations are appropriate for a groundbreaking country like America.
READER COMMENTS
Christophe Biocca
Feb 8 2020 at 3:48pm
The government could just rent/buy already constructed buildings, on the basis of cost/location/amenities, sidestepping the question of what the architectural style should be. It’d probably also be cheaper overall.
Scott Sumner
Feb 8 2020 at 5:32pm
Good point.
Floccina
Feb 10 2020 at 1:20pm
I have long thought that school districts should experiment with selling their building to REIT’s and renting.
Chris
Feb 10 2020 at 5:41pm
I understand the conservative idea that this executive action is coming from where a portion of the public just doesn’t think that newer styles of buildings are monumental enough for the federal government. It’s a little comical to have this historicism coming from an administration that is so anti-government, but it is what it is. There are really two completely objective issues with the action, in my mind.
First, as you somewhat touched on, they don’t mean what they say. They aren’t looking for ‘classical’ style (that would technically be an extremely narrow style type), but more like pre-industrial, western architectural styles. There’s an argument for Greek or Greek Revival related styles, since we consider ancient Greece to be the origin of our democratic republic ideals. That is not really an argument being made here. For this to be effective policy, they need to revise their language to be more inclusive of styles they like, and more exclusive of styles they would probably dislike (post-modern).
The second objective issue is cost. It is extremely expensive to build a quality ‘classical’ style building, not even getting into the functional issues with such building’s in today’s world. The materials are expensive and the detail level is labor intensive and requires artisans rather than general laborers. The expense remains an issue throughout the building’s life, as the buildings are generally harder/more costly to maintain. If budgets aren’t adjusted to meet the level of quality that would be expected, we would either be sacrificing programmatic requirements to cost constraints, or sacrificing material/detail, leading to a wave of soulless post-modern buildings.
Beyond those two points, the letter of this action creates a lot of subjectivity in what is or isn’t “classical”. Is Art Deco okay? (probably) Is modernist with classical proportions acceptable? (probably not). Is a standard office building with Ionic pilasters stuck on acceptable? (sadly, probably). Is the classicism limited to the exterior (probably) or does it need to be carried throughout the whole design (impractical)?
Also, while I doubt most of Trump’s base cares, this order is establishing a eurocentric style onto buildings that serve a diverse populace. By limiting the style, Trump is controlling who is being represented by this architecture. There has already been quite a bit of press in the architecture world about how this is essentially a dog-whistle to white supremacists, and that really isn’t far from the truth. I would say it’s more designed to appeal to a conservative group that thinks things should be more like the past, and is supporting Trump’s narrative that he’s pushing back against Change.
As an architect, I am fully against this for reasons above and beyond those above. We are a diverse country living in an age where we are everyday developing new materials and construction methods, discovering important connections between the built world and occupant well-being, and designing different ways of making beautiful, useful spaces. To constrain federal buildings to the past throws away our heritage of pushing ideas and technology forward. It removes the ability of architecture to speak to and represent diverse groups. It will make our future monuments and public buildings inauthentic, hollow shells of an idea of the past, when they could be culturally, contextually, and programmatically sensitive.
chris
Feb 10 2020 at 5:43pm
Sorry, I accidentally posted this as a reply to Floccina. Not my intention.
Chris
Feb 10 2020 at 6:11pm
Government buildings tend to have extremely specific uses and very specific security requirements. There isn’t really an option to just rent any random office building, and working with private developers to build space that the government then leases out would either lead to low quality buildings, significantly higher costs, or (most likely) both. If you’re a developer with a building that is uniquely suited to whatever districts courthouse needs, you can command a huge rent.
Phil H
Feb 8 2020 at 4:16pm
I think this is far too kind. In the context of this website, I’m definitely a big government kind of a guy, but I can’t imagine a reason for asking the government to regulate aesthetic affairs. There’s simply no benefit to it.
Chris
Feb 10 2020 at 6:14pm
Not to defend the order, but this isn’t really an issue of regulation. We’re talking about the federal government’s buildings, so this is just saying “we (the government) will only choose to build anachronistic architecture.” They already had control over the process and the aesthetics, but now they are further limiting what they consider acceptable for themselves.
Phil H
Feb 10 2020 at 10:37pm
I see what you mean, in that this isn’t a rule imposed on anyone who doesn’t use the federal budget, but because the federal government is large, in practice, this ends up working like a regulation. It’s also a “regulation” in the sense that it is a rule about how taxpayers’ money is to be spent. Everything the federal government does is fundamentally of public interest. And I can’t see any justification for the imposition of Trump’s or anyone else’s taste on the general use of public funds.
Lorenzo from Oz
Feb 8 2020 at 5:49pm
In the C19th and early C20th, buildings were neo-classical, not classical. And some of them look good mainly in comparison with what followed later.
Trying to regulate for a decent aesthetic is inherently difficult, however worthy the notion.
Kurt Schuler
Feb 8 2020 at 6:40pm
Modern architects have centuries of beauty to draw upon, from the Parthenon to the Chrysler Building, and all too often they give us soulless concrete and glass boxes or even ugliness on the order of the FBI headquarters. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building is less attractive than the Main Treasury Building, which is is counterpart on the other side of the White House. Even so, it is still more attractive than most of the nearby 20th and 21st century buildings nearby.
Chris
Feb 10 2020 at 5:48pm
It is rarely architects pushing the soulless buildings. That is usually coming from the client; often as cost cutting measures.
As for the FBI building, it was very much of its time and the standardized precast units were likely considered a cost-efficiency measure. (I agree that it is horrifically ugly, but it has a reason to be what it is.)
Peter
Feb 8 2020 at 6:59pm
You mentioned the location for nearly everything else, could have at least mentioned the Milwaukee Art Museum rather than o an reference to Santiago Calatrava as if that was his only work. No need to hate on Brewtown, it’s a good city and has culture. Better than most US cities in that regard.
Scott Sumner
Feb 9 2020 at 2:01am
I’m from Wisconsin, just assumed everyone would know. As far as “hate on Brewtown”. I’ve been a fan of the Milwaukee Bucks longer than anyone else, from even before Lou Alcindor arrived.
Chris
Feb 10 2020 at 6:19pm
The saddest part of your MAM example is that the older Saarinan designed wing, which is old enough to be eligible for historic registration, wouldn’t even fit within the new order, and it is a beautiful building in its own right.
This order is shutting out our modernist heritage.
Mark Z
Feb 8 2020 at 8:48pm
Please no. Once you’be wasted enough time wandering around the 3rd floor of a Gehry building looking for a room only to realize that there’s another – totally disconnected, but not separately indexed – 3rd floor, you begin to really appreciate the virtue of maintaining at least some geometric regularity.
Scott Sumner
Feb 9 2020 at 2:02am
I’ve only been in one (at MIT) but I feel your pain.
Chris
Feb 10 2020 at 5:52pm
Ghery’s sculpturalism and the similar Deconstructionism are both styles that I would almost support a ban on. On a conceptual level deconstructionism is questioning the kind of institutions and shared understanding that a federal government is based on. It’s like putting a climate denialist in charge of the EPA; there’s a major disconnect of intentions.
That being said, I could see situations where it would be applicable for monuments.
Matthias Görgens
Feb 8 2020 at 11:54pm
Style of government buildings seems almost like the most prototypical issue to be decided locally. Not even at the state level but at the county or municipality level.
There’s not really any excuse for centralising those decisions.
Scott Sumner
Feb 9 2020 at 2:02am
Yes, but perhaps not for Federal buildings?
Robert EV
Feb 16 2020 at 11:53am
Federal buildings are local too, Scott.
Andrew Swift
Feb 9 2020 at 3:25am
Jury of peers.
MarkW
Feb 9 2020 at 3:36pm
If you ask people to write Beethoven-style symphonies, or paint Rembrandt-style paintings, they won’t be as good as the originals.
Or they might be better. This painting was apparently considered by some art experts to be Heinrich Campendonk’s lost masterpiece…until it turned out to have been painted by a ‘forger’ named Beltracchi (the movie about him is well worth a couple of hours — it would make a good double feature with Exit Through the Gift Shop). I’m not sure there’s any good reason to think that it’s impossible to create new works in particular historical styles that match or surpass those from the original eras. This song, for example, was written decades after the era of popular Jazz standards had passed (is it an inferior work for that?) As for Wright — I agree. Let’s have more buildings in his design space. Somebody should actually build the Vandamm House already.
Scott Sumner
Feb 10 2020 at 12:08pm
Thanks for the article–quite interesting.
Chris
Feb 10 2020 at 6:04pm
I honestly don’t think Wright would be designing what we think of as Prairie style if he were still around. He enjoyed taking advantage of modern techniques and his architecture was very much of its time in terms of melding modernism with arts and crafts and eastern ideas.
The idea that we should be pushing any single or group of historic styles is inherently conservative and blinding ourselves to progress. I can see maintaining a set of ideals, but the GSA already does that.
MarkW
Feb 11 2020 at 12:39pm
I don’t think we should be pushing particular styles. But we do need a way to keep government officials from foisting horrible, fugly buildings on a public who loathe them (e.g. Boston City Hall). My favored solution would be more democratic accountability — any proposed government building would need to pass some form of muster with the local citizens who will be forced to look at it and live with it. This is one of those cases where we need more (direct) democracy, I think. And yes, this would probably result in more conservative designs, since the general public does not have elite, avant garde tastes. But that’s fine. There is no need for government buildings to push the aesthetic envelope.
Thaomas
Feb 9 2020 at 6:00pm
This is possibly the best decision the Trump administration has made in its nearly 3 years.
It is a mistake, of course, but not a single additional asylum seeker will be sent back to their death, no one will pay a cent more to import something, not one more skilled, ambitions student or worker will be denied entrance, not one dollar will be borrowed to reduce the tax payment of a high income stock owner, no one will lose access to Medicaid, SNAP benefits, or ACA health insurance, no foreign government will face extortion to assist the President’s 2020 campaign as a result, no Congressional appropriated funds will be diverted to build a cost ineffective “wall.”
Jeff
Feb 11 2020 at 9:32am
Unfortunately, you can’t legislate good taste. If you can’t see that the Executive Office Building is ugly, you’re probably hopeless. Intensive exposure to the work of Sullivan, Wright and those they influenced may help you, but most likely you just don’t have the genes for good taste.
Robert EV
Feb 16 2020 at 11:45am
How the hell does the executive branch have the authority to dictate building architecture? They shouldn’t have any power other than to tell Congress what is required in Executive branch buildings, and to ask Congress to fund such requirements.
God I wish Congress would institute legislative agencies and take back the regulatory power it ceded to the Executive.
Jonathan Williams
Feb 18 2020 at 6:59am
I don’ t think America is a “ground-breaking” country. We have always borrowed and imported our culture and traditions. And economically, there are at least 10-15 countries now with higher real wages. Not to mention, the USA ranks very poorly in happiness indexes. So I wouldn’t say this is the ideal place to live. Perhaps in the 50’s…..
The fountainhead was a beautiful story. Ayn Rand was a genius! And it would be interesting to see what some architects could build if they were left to their own genius and unlimited cash-flow, but that is not reality.
I’ve also seen a number of your posts, and quite frankly they are always negative towards President Trump. Some of your comments make sense, but so many others do not. Let me attempt to stick up for a fellow business person.
Entrepreneurs understand how incredibly difficult it is to start a company. A good idea and sourcing funds is the easy part. The hard part is battling regulation, growing your company to a threshold that can make it worthwhile for investors, battling corrupt politicians who ask for gifts, or who abuse their power over legislation to solicit money for favors. And if that is not enough, every business has to deal with attorneys that are allowed to swarm like sharks, poking you and poking you, until they bleed out every last drop of profit. It creates barriers to entry that are incredibly difficult to overcome. Today, a company with any realistic chance of capturing market share must have at least 15-20m in outside financing. Meaning investors will be brought aboard who you have to answer too, and if growth targets are not achieved, they will liquidate your business assets and file for bankruptcy for you. And if you succeed, you have to battle them in court for twenty years as they try to steal your idea and shares. It’s a ruthless environment. So if you have NOT started a business, or been on the front lines of innovation, you really have no right to criticize those who are in the game. (Man in the Arena)
It is so easy to point to his failures in Atlantic City, but you cannot succeed in business without failing. Elon Musk, Bill Gates, Richard Branson, choose any business hero, and you will see many failures. That is just the nature of business.
And to put things into perspective, almost all investors failed in New Jersey. Everyone on that strip went bankrupt. So that particular failure was the result of external factors, not poor management. And obviously the term “eighth wonder of the world” was only made for marketing purposes. The fact that you and so many others still remember that term, 30 years later, is proof that his marketing strategy worked!
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