The Theory of Interest
By Irving Fisher
THE tremendous expansion of credit during and since the World War to finance military operations as well as post-war reparations, reconstruction, and the rebuilding of industry and trade has brought the problems of capitalism and the nature and origin of interest home afresh to the minds of business men as well as to economists. This book is addressed, therefore, to financial and industrial leaders, as well as to professors and students of economics.Inflation during and since the War caused prices to soar and real interest rates to sag in Germany and other nations far below zero thus impoverishing millions of investors. In all countries gilt-edge securities with fixed return became highly speculative, because of the effect of monetary fluctuations on real interest rates. After the War the impatience of whole peoples to anticipate future income by borrowing to spend, coupled with the opportunity to get large returns from investments, raised interest rates and kept them high. Increased national income has made the United States a lender nation. At home, real incomes have grown amazingly because of the new scientific, industrial, and agricultural revolutions. Interest rates have declined somewhat since 1920, but are still high because the returns upon investments remain high. Impatience to spend has been exemplified by the organization of consumers’ credit in the form of finance companies specially organized to accommodate and stimulate installment selling and to standardize and stabilize consumption…. [From the Preface]
First Pub. Date
1930
Publisher
New York: The Macmillan Co.
Pub. Date
1930
Comments
1st edition.
Copyright
The text of this edition is in the public domain.
- Dedication
- Errata
- Preface
- Suggestions to Readers
- Part I, Chapter 1
- Part I, Chapter 2
- Part I, Chapter 3
- Part II, Chapter 4
- Part II, Chapter 5
- Part II, Chapter 6
- Part II, Chapter 7
- Part II, Chapter 8
- Part II, Chapter 9
- Part III, Chapter 10
- Part III, Chapter 11
- Part III, Chapter 12
- Part III, Chapter 13
- Part III, Chapter 14
- Part IV, Chapter 15
- Part IV, Chapter 16
- Part IV, Chapter 17
- Part IV, Chapter 18
- Part IV, Chapter 19
- Part IV, Chapter 20
- Part IV, Chapter 21
- Appendix to Chapter I
- Appendix to Chapter X
- Appendix to Chapter XII
- Appendix to Chapter XIII
- Appendix to Chapter XIX
- Appendix to Chapter XX
- Appendix to Chapter XX
1. Books:
I. WORKS ON INTEREST THEORY.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BÖHM-BAWERK, EUGEN VON.
Capital and Interest. London, Macmillan and Co., 1890. xlv, 431 pp.
———.
The Positive Theory of Capital. Translated by William Smart, London, Macmillan and Co., 1891. xl, 428 pp.
———.
Recent Literature on Interest (1884-1889). New York, The Macmillan Co., 1903. xlii, 151 pp.
———.
Positive Theorie des Kapitales. Dritte Auflage, Innsbrück, Wagner’schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung, 1912. xxiii, 652 pp. Also
Exkurse, 477 pp.
———.
Kleinere Abhanalungen über Kapital und Zins. Wien und Leipzig, Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky A. G., 1926. viii, 585 pp.
BROWN, HARRY GUNNISON.
Economic Science and the Common Welfare. Columbia, Missouri. Lucas Brothers, 1926. xiii, 273 pp. Especially Part II, Chapters III and IV, pp. 76-170.
CARVER, THOMAS NIXON.
The Distribution of Wealth. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1904. xvi, 290 pp.
CASSEL, GUSTAV.
The Nature and Necessity of Interest. London, Macmillan and Co., 1903. xii, 188 pp.
———.
The Theory of Social Economy. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1924. xiv, 654 pp.
CLARK, JOHN BATES.
Distribution of Wealth. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1899. xxviii, 445 pp.
DAVENPORT, H. J.
Value and Distribution. University of Chicago Press, 1908. xi, 582 pp.
FETTER, FRANK A.
Economic Principles. New York, The Century Company, 1915. x, 523 pp.
FISHER, IRVING.
The Rate of Interest. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1907. xxii, 442 pp.
GONNER, E. C. K.
Interest and Savings. London, Macmillan and Co., 1906. xv, 172 pp.
HEINZE GERHARD.
Statische oder Dynamische Zinstheorie? Leipzig, Dr. Werner Scholl, 1928. viii, 165 pp.
HOAG, CLARENCE GILBERT.
A Theory of Interest. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1914. x, 228 pp.
JEVONS, W. STANLEY.
Theory of Political Economy. 3rd edition, London, Macmillan and Co., 1888. lvi, 296 pp.
LANDRY, ADOLPHE.
L’Intérêt du Capital. Paris, V. Biard and E. Brière, 1904. 367 pp.
PARETO, VILFREDO.
Cours d’Économie Politique. Lausanne, F. Rouge, 1896 and 1897. Tome Premier, viii, 430 pp. Tome Second, 426 pp.
———.
Manuel d’Économie Politique. Paris, V. Giard and E. Brière, 1909. 695 pp.
RAE, JOHN.
The Sociological Theory of Capital. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1905. lii, 485 pp.
SAX, EMIL.
Der Kapitalzins. Berlin, Julius Springer, 1916. viii, 249 pp.
WALRAS, LÉON.
Éléments d’Économie Politique Pure. Lausanne, F. Rouge, 1900. xx, 491 pp.
2. Articles:
ANSIAUX, M.
Le Phénomène de L’Intérêt et son Explication. Revue de L’Institut de Sociologie. Deuxième Année, Tome I, Bruxelles, 1921-1922, pp. 47-57.
BILGRIM, H.
Analysis of the Nature of Capital and Interest. Journal of Political Economy. Vol. XVI, March, 1908, pp. 129-151.
BÖHM-BAWERK, EUGEN VON.
Capital and Interest. Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. xxi, November, 1906, pp. 1-21; February, 1907, pp. 247-282.
BORTKIEWICZ, L. VON.
Der Kardinalfehler der Boehm-Bawerkschen Zinstheorie. Jahrbuch fuer gesetzgebung, Band 30, 1906, pp. 61-90, Leipzig, Duncker und Humblot, 1906.
CARVER, T. N.
The Place of Abstinence in the Theory of Interest. Quarterly Journal of Economics, October, 1893, pp. 40-61.
CHAPMAN, S. J.
Must Inventions Reduce the Rate of Interest? Economic Journal, Vol. XX, September, 1910, pp. 465-469.
DAVENPORT, H. J.
Interest Theory and Theories. American Economic Review, Vol. XVII, No. 4, December, 1927, pp. 636-656.
DAVIES, G. R.
Factors Determining the Interest Rate. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXXIV, May, 1920, pp. 445-461.
FETTER, FRANK A.
Interest Theories Old and New. American Economic Review, Vol. IV, No. 1, March, 1914, pp. 68-92.
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Clark’s Reformulation of the Capital Concept, in Economics Essays Contributed in Honor of John Bates Clark, pp. 136-156, New York, The Macmillan Co., 1927.
FISHER, IRVING.
Professor Fetter on Capital and Income. Journal of
Political Economy, Vol. XV, July, 1907, pp. 421-434.
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Are Savings Income? Journal of the American Economic Association, Vol. IX, No. 1, April, 1908, pp. 1-27.
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A Reply to Critics. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXIII, May, 1909, pp. 536-541.
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Capital and Interest. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, 1909, pp. 504-516.
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Capital and Interest: Reply to Professor Veblen. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXIV, September, 1909, pp. 504-516.
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The Impatience Theory of Interest. Scientia, Vol. IX, April 1, 1911, pp. 380-401.
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The Impatience Theory of Interest. American Economic Review, Vol. III, No. 3, September, 1913, pp. 610-615.
FLUX, A. W.
Irving Fisher on Capital and Interest. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXIII, February, 1909, pp. 307-323.
GONNER, E. C. K.
Considerations about Interest. Economic Journal, Vol. XVIII, March, 1908, pp. 42-51.
GRAZIANI, AUGUSTO.
Capitale e Interesse. Società Real di Napoli, 1925, pp. 33-92.
LANDRY, ADOLPHE.
Irving Fisher: The Rate of Interest. Revue d’Economie Politique, 23 Année, 1909, Bulletin Bibliographique, pp. 156-159. Paris, L. Larose and L. Tenin, 1909.
LORIA, A.
Irving Fisher’s Rate of Interest. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. XVI, October, 1908, pp. 331-332.
Reply by Irving Fisher, same issue, pp. 532-534.
LOWRY, DWIGHT M.
The Basis of Interest. American Academy of Political and Social Science, March, 1892, pp. 53-76.
SCHUMPETER, JOSEPH.
Eine “Dynamische” Theorie des Kapitalzinses. Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung, 1913, pp. 599-639. Vienna, Manzche, K. U. K. Haf-Verlags und Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1913.
SHAPOSCHNICOFF, N. von.
Die Böhm-Bawerksche Kapitalzinstheorie. Jahrbüchern für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Dritte Folge, Bd. XXXIII (LXXXVIII), Jena, Gustav Fischer, pp. 433-451.
TAUSSIG, F. W.
Capital, Interest and Diminishing Returns. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXII, May, 1908, pp. 333-363.
VEBLEN, T.
Fisher’s Rate of Interest. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXIV, June, 1909, pp. 296-303.
II. OTHER WORKS DEALING WITH INTEREST.
1. Books:
ADLER, KARL.
Kapitalzins und Preisbewegung. Leipzig, Duncker und Humblot, 1913. 48 pp.
BECKHART, BENJAMIN H.
The Discount Policy of the Federal Reserve System. New York, Henry Holt and Co., 1924. xii, 604 pp.
BOUCHER, PIERRE B.
Histoire de L’Usure. Paris, Chaigneau, 1806. 215 pp.
BROWN, MARY W.
The Development of Thrift. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1900. x, 222 pp.
CANNING, JOHN B.
The Economics of Accountancy. New York, The Ronald Press Company, 1929. viii, 367 pp.
DICK, ERNST.
The Relation Between the Rate of Interest and the Level of Prices. Distributed by H. R. Scott, Kodaikanal, S. India, March, 1928. 83 pp.
EDIE, LIONEL D.
Economics: Principles and Problems. New York, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1926. xx, 799 pp.
———.
Money, Bank Credit, and Prices. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1928. xiv, 500 pp.
FETTER, FRANK A.
Modern Economic Problems. New York, The Century Company, 1917. xi, 498 pp.
FISHER, IRVING.
The Income Concept in the Light of Experience. English translation of article in
Die Wirtschaftstheorie der Gegenwart, Vol. III of the
Wieser Festschrift, Vienna, 1927. 29 pp., in translation.
———.
The Nature of Capital and Income. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1927. xxi, 427 pp.
GIFFEN, ROBERT.
The Growth of Capital. London, George Bell and Sons, 1889. 169 pp.
GRIMES, JOHN ALDEN and CRAIGUE, WILLIAM HORACE.
Principles of Valuation. New York, Prentice Hall Inc., 1928. xvii, 274 pp.
KOCK, KARIN.
A Study of Interest Rates. London, P. S. King, 1929. 264 pp.
MONTAGNE, JEAN.
Le Capital. Paris, Albin Michel, 1919. 253 pp.
NORTON, JOHN P.
Statistical Studies in the New York Money-Market. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1902. vi, 180 pp.
PALGRAVE, R. H. INGLIS.
Bank Rate and the Money Market. New York, E. P. Dutton and Co., 1903. xxiii, 237 pp.
RABY, R. C.
The Regulation of Pawnbroking. New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1924. 63 pp.
RYAN, FRANKLIN W.
Usury and Usury Laws. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1924. xxix, 249 pp.
WICKSELL, KNUT.
Über Wert, Kapital und Rente. Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1893. xvi, 143 pp.
———.
Geldzins und Güterpreise. Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1898. xi, 189 pp.
2. Articles:
BIRCK, L. V.
Moderne Scholastik. Eine Kritische Darstellung der Böhm-Bawerkschen Theorie. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv., 24 Bd., October, 1926, Heft 2, pp. 198-227.
BONN, H.
Geld und Kapitalmarkte im Jahre 1924. Wirtschaftsdienst, Vol. X, Feb. 6, 1925, pp. 247-248.
BURGESS, W. RANDOLPH.
Factors Affecting Changes in Short Term Interest Rates. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. XXII, New Series, No. 158, June, 1927, pp. 195-201.
CASSEL, GUSTAV.
The Future of the Rate of Interest. Skandinaviska Kreditaktiebolaget, January, 1926. Stockholm, P. A. Norstedt & Söner, 1926, pp. 1-4.
———.
The Rate of Interest, the Bank Rate, and the Stabilization of Prices. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XLII, August, 1928, pp. 511-529.
———.
Discount Policy and Stock Exchange Speculation. Skandinaviska Kreditaktiebolaget, October, 1928. Stockholm, P. A. Norstedt & Söner, 1928, pp. 57-60.
CLEVELAND TRUST COMPANY. Business Bulletin, June 15, 1928, and August 15, 1928.
CONRAD, OTTO.
Der Kapitalzins. Jena, Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 3 Folge, Band 35, 1908, pp. 325-359.
CRUM, W. L.
Cycles of Rates on Commercial Paper. Review of Economic Statistics. Prel. Vol. V, No. 1, January, 1923, pp. 17-29.
FETTER, FRANK A.
Recent Discussion of the Capital Concept. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XV, November, 1900, pp. 1-45.
FISHER, IRVING.
Appreciation and Interest. Publications of the American Economic Association, Vol. IX, No. 4, August, 1896, pp. 331-442.
———.
What Is Capital? Economic Journal, Vol. VI, December, 1896, pp. 509-534.
———.
The Rôle of Capital in Economic Theory. Economic Journal, Vol. VII, December, 1897, pp. 511-537.
———.
The Rate of Interest after the War. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. LXVIII, November, 1916, pp. 244-251.
———.
Comment on President Plehn’s Address. American Economic Review, Vol. XIV, No. 1, March, 1924, pp. 64-67.
FRIDAY, DAVID.
Factors which Determine the Future of the Rate of Interest: Economic Principles of Supply and Demand. Trust Companies, Vol. XXIII, July, 1921, pp. 9-12.
GIBSON, A. H.
The Future Course of High-Class Investment Values. Bankers’, Insurance Managers’, and Agents’ Magazine, January, 1923, pp. 15-34.
GIFFEN, SIR ROBERT.
Accumulations of Capital in the United Kingdom in 1875-85. The Journal of the Royal Statistical Association, Vol. LIII, 1890, pp. 1-35.
HARGER, C. M.
Problems of Interest Rates. Financial World, Vol. XXXII, June 23, 1919, p. 19.
INOSTRANIETZ, M.
L’Usure en Russie. Journal des Économistes, 1893, Ser. 5, Vol. XVI, pp. 233-243. Paris, Administration et Redaction, Librairie Guillaumin et C., 1893.
JAY, PIERRE.
Call Money Market in New York City and the Interest Rates Charged Therein. Economic World, Vol. XIX, April 10, 1920, pp. 511-513.
KEMMERER, E. W.
War and the Interest Rate. Economic World, Vol. XVI, November 2, 1918, pp. 616-619.
———.
Rediscounting and the Federal Reserve Discount Rate. American Bankers’ Association Journal, Vol. XII, April, 1920, pp. 582-584.
LEVY, R. G.
Du Taux Actuel de L’Intérêt et de ses Rapports avec la Production des Métaux Précieux et les Autres Phénomènes Économiques. Journal des Économistes, March, 1899, p. 334; April, 1899, p. 28.
MAGEE, JAMES D.
Call Rates and the Federal Reserve Board. American Economic Review, Vol. X, March, 1920, pp. 59-65.
MITCHELL, W. C.
Interest Cost and the Business Cycle. American Economic Review, Vol. XVI, No. 2, June, 1926, pp. 209-221. [Original text reads “MITCHELL, W. F.”—Econlib Ed.]
———.
Supplementary Note on Interest Cost. American Economic Review, Vol. XVI, No. 4, December, 1926, pp. 660-663.
———.
Interest Rates as Factors in the Business Cycle; with a Reply by J. E. McDonough. American Economic Review, Vol. XVIII, March, 1928, pp. 217-233.
MOURRE, BARON.
Les Causes des Variations du Taux de L’Intérêt. Revue d’Economie Politique, 1924, pp. 45-64. Paris, Librairie de la Société du Recueil Sirey, Léon Tenin, Directeur, 1924.
PERSONS, WARREN M., and FRICKEY, EDWIN.
Money Rates and Security Prices. Review of Economic Statistics, Vol. VIII, No. 1, January, 1926, pp. 29-46.
PERSONS, WARREN M.
Money Rates, Bond Yields and Security Prices. Review of Economic Statistics, Vol. IX, No. 2, April, 1927, pp. 93-102.
PINSCHOF, C. L.
The World’s Return to Gold: the Ultimate Effect on Rates of Interest. Acceptance Bulletin of the American Acceptance Council, November 30, 1925, pp. 4-5.
PLEHN, CARL C.
Notes Concerning the Rates of Interest in California. Quarterly Publication of the American Statistical Association, September, 1899, pp. 351-352.
PRICE, T. H.
Do High Interest Rates Presage Deflation? Commerce and Finance, Vol. VIII, November 12, 1919, pp. 1511-1512.
REEVE, S. A.
Interest and Dividends; Other Features of Interest; Irrevocability of Interest. Modern Economic Tendencies, 1921, pp. 204-231, 254-342.
RIST, CHARLES.
La Hausse du Taux de L’Intérêt et la Hausse des Pris. Revue Économique Internationale, X Année, Vol. I, pp. 462-493. Bruxelles, Goemaere, 1913.
SCHMIDT, F.
Die Abhaengigkeit der Wechselkurse von Zinsgeschaeften und die Marktzinsdifferenz. Schmollers Jahrbuch, 1919, pp. 339-365. München, Leipzig, Duncker und Humblot, 1919.
SEAGER, HENRY R.
The Impatience Theory of Interest. American Economic Review, Vol. II, No. 4, December, 1912, pp. 834-851.
SMITH, J. G.
Measurement of Time Valuation. American Economic Review, Vol. XVIII, June, 1928, pp. 227-247.
SNYDER, CARL.
The Influence of the Interest Rate on the Business Cycle. American Economic Review, Vol. XV, No. 4, December, 1925, pp. 684-699.
———.
Interest Rates and the Business Cycle. American Economic Review, Vol. XVI, No. 3, September, 1926, pp. 451-452.
Tables Showing: Rates on United States Treasury Certificates Issued During 1920-21; Rates of Discount Charged by the Bank of England and by the Open Market in London; Bank Rates of Discount Charged in Selected Money Markets; Changes in Central Bank Rates in World Monetary Centers. Review of Economic Statistics, March, 1921, pp. 70, 73.
WESTERFIELD, RAY B.
Effect of Falling Prices and Interest on Foreign Loans and on War Debts. The Annalist, January 4, 1929, pp. 5-7.
WICKSELL, KNUT.
Influence of the Rate of Interest on Prices. Economic Journal, Vol. XVII, June, 1907, pp. 213-220.
YOUNG, ALLYN A.
An Analysis of Bank Statistics for the United States; III Regional Differences: 1901-1914. Review of Economic Statistics, Vol. VII, No. 2, 1905, pp. 86-104.