Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States
By John J. Lalor
NEITHER American nor English literature has hitherto possessed a Cyclopædia of Political Science and Political Economy. The want of a work of reference on these important branches of knowledge has long been felt, especially by lawyers, journalists, members of our state and national legislatures, and the large and intelligent class of capitalists and business men who give serious thought to the political and social questions of the day. The present work, which will be completed in three volumes, is the first to supply that want. It is also the first Political History of the United States in encyclopædic form—the first to which the reader can refer for an account of the important events or facts in our political history, as he would to a dictionary for the precise meaning of a word. The French, the Germans and even the Italians are richer in works of reference on political science and political economy than the Americans or the English. The Germans have Rotteck and Welcker’s
Staatslexikon, and Bluntschli and Brater’s
Staatswörterbuch; the French, Block’s
Dictionnaire Général de la Politique, and the celebrated
Dictionnaire de l’Economie Politique, edited by Guillaumin and Coquelin.The “Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and of the Political History of the United States” is intended to be to the American and English reader what the above-named works are to French and German students of political science and political economy. The articles by foreigners in our work are largely translations from the
Dictionnaire de l’Economie Politique, the
Dictionnaire Général de la Politique, the
Staatswörterbuch, and original articles by Mr. T. E. Cliffe Leslie, the eminent English economist; while the American articles are by the best American and Canadian writers on political economy and political science. The task of writing the articles on the political history of the United States was confided to one person, Mr. Alexander Johnston, of Norwalk, Connecticut, thoroughness, conciseness and the absence of repetition and of redundancy being thus secured…. [From the Preface]
First Pub. Date
1881
Publisher
New York: Maynard, Merrill, and Co.
Pub. Date
1899
Comments
Originally printed in 3 volumes. Includes articles by Frédéric Bastiat, Gustave de Molinari, Henry George, J. B. Say, Francis A. Walker, and more.
Copyright
The text of this edition is in the public domain.
- Preface
- V.1, Entry 1, ABDICATION
- V.1, Entry 2, ABOLITION AND ABOLITIONISTS
- V.1, Entry 3, ABSENTEEISM
- V.1, Entry 4, ABSOLUTE POWER
- V.1, Entry 5, ABSOLUTISM
- V.1, Entry 6, ABSTENTION
- V.1, Entry 7, ABUSES IN POLITICS
- V.1, Entry 8, ABYSSINIA
- V.1, Entry 9, ACADEMIES
- V.1, Entry 10, ACADEMIES
- V.1, Entry 11, ACCLAMATION
- V.1, Entry 12, ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH
- V.1, Entry 13, ACT
- V.1, Entry 14, ADAMS
- V.1, Entry 15, ADAMS
- V.1, Entry 16, ADAMS
- V.1, Entry 17, ADAMS
- V.1, Entry 18, ADJOURNMENT
- V.1, Entry 19, ADMINISTRATION
- V.1, Entry 20, ADMINISTRATIONS
- V.1, Entry 21, AFRICA
- V.1, Entry 22, AGE
- V.1, Entry 23, AGENT
- V.1, Entry 24, AGENTS
- V.1, Entry 25, AGIO
- V.1, Entry 26, AGIOTAGE
- V.1, Entry 27, AGRICULTURE
- V.1, Entry 28, ALABAMA
- V.1, Entry 29, ALABAMA CLAIMS
- V.1, Entry 30, ALASKA
- V.1, Entry 31, ALBANY PLAN OF UNION
- V.1, Entry 32, ALBANY REGENCY
- V.1, Entry 33, ALCALDE
- V.1, Entry 34, ALCOHOL
- V.1, Entry 35, ALGERIA
- V.1, Entry 36, ALGERINE WAR
- V.1, Entry 37, ALIEN AND SEDITION LAWS
- V.1, Entry 38, ALIENS
- V.1, Entry 39, ALLEGIANCE
- V.1, Entry 40, ALLEGIANCE
- V.1, Entry 41, ALLIANCE
- V.1, Entry 42, ALLIANCE
- V.1, Entry 43, ALLOYAGE
- V.1, Entry 44, ALMANACH DE GOTHA
- V.1, Entry 45, ALSACE-LORRAINE
- V.1, Entry 46, AMBASSADOR
- V.1, Entry 47, AMBITION
- V.1, Entry 48, AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
- V.1, Entry 49, AMERICA
- V.1, Entry 50, AMERICAN MERCHANT MARINE
- V.1, Entry 51, AMERICAN PARTY
- V.1, Entry 52, AMERICAN WHIGS
- V.1, Entry 53, AMES
- V.1, Entry 54, AMISTAD CASE
- V.1, Entry 55, AMNESTY
- V.1, Entry 56, AMNESTY
- V.1, Entry 57, ANAM
- V.1, Entry 58, ANARCHY
- V.1, Entry 59, ANCIEN RÉGIME
- V.1, Entry 60, ANDORRA
- V.1, Entry 61, ANHALT
- V.1, Entry 62, ANNEXATION
- V.1, Entry 63, ANNEXATIONS
- V.1, Entry 64, ANTI-FEDERAL PARTY
- V.1, Entry 65, ANTI-MASONRY
- V.1, Entry 66, ANTI-NEBRASKA MEN
- V.1, Entry 67, ANTI-RENTERS
- V.1, Entry 68, ANTI-SLAVERY.
- V.1, Entry 69, APPORTIONMENT
- V.1, Entry 70, APPROPRIATION.
- V.1, Entry 71, APPROPRIATIONS
- V.1, Entry 72, ARBITRAGE
- V.1, Entry 73, ARBITRARY ARRESTS
- V.1, Entry 74, ARBITRARY POWER
- V.1, Entry 75, ARBITRATION
- V.1, Entry 76, ARCHONS
- V.1, Entry 77, AREOPAGUS.
- V.1, Entry 78, ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION
- V.1, Entry 79, ARISTOCRACY.
- V.1, Entry 80, ARISTOCRATIC AND DEMOCRATIC IDEAS.
- V.1, Entry 81, ARITHMETIC
- V.1, Entry 82, ARIZONA
- V.1, Entry 83, ARKANSAS
- V.1, Entry 84, ARMISTICE
- V.1, Entry 85, ARMIES
- V.1, Entry 86, ARMY
- V.1, Entry 87, ARTHUR
- V.1, Entry 88, ARTISANS
- V.1, Entry 89, ARYAN RACES.
- V.1, Entry 90, ASIA
- V.1, Entry 91, ASSEMBLY (IN U. S. HISTORY)
- V.1, Entry 92, ASSESSMENTS
- V.1, Entry 93, ASSIGNATS
- V.1, Entry 94, ASSOCIATION AND ASSOCIATIONS
- V.1, Entry 95, ASYLUM
- V.1, Entry 96, ATELIERS NATIONAUX
- V.1, Entry 97, ATTAINDER
- V.1, Entry 98, ATTORNEYS GENERAL
- V.1, Entry 99, AUSTRALIA
- V.1, Entry 100, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
- V.1, Entry 101, AUTHORITY
- V.1, Entry 102, AUTHORS
- V.1, Entry 103, AUTOCRAT
- V.1, Entry 104, AUTONOMY.
- V.1, Entry 105, AYES AND NOES
- V.1, Entry 106, BADEN
- V.1, Entry 107, BALANCE OF POWER
- V.1, Entry 108, BALANCE OF TRADE
- V.1, Entry 109, BALLOT
- V.1, Entry 110, BANK CONTROVERSIES
- V.1, Entry 111, BANKING
- V.1, Entry 112, BANK NOTES.
- V.1, Entry 113, BANKRUPTCY.
- V.1, Entry 114, BANKRUPTCY, National.
- V.1, Entry 115, BANKS.
- V.1, Entry 116, BANKS, Functions of.
- V.1, Entry 117, BANKS OF ISSUE
- V.1, Entry 118, BANKS, Advantages of Savings.
- V.1, Entry 119, BANKS, History and Management of Savings,
- V.1, Entry 120, BAR
- V.1, Entry 121, BARNBURNERS
- V.1, Entry 122, BARRICADE
- V.1, Entry 123, BARTER.
- V.1, Entry 124, BASTILLE
- V.1, Entry 125, BAVARIA
- V.1, Entry 126, BELGIUM
- V.1, Entry 127, BELL
- V.1, Entry 128, BELLIGERENTS
- V.1, Entry 129, BENTON
- V.1, Entry 130, BERLIN DECREE
- V.1, Entry 131, BILL
- V.1, Entry 132, BILL OF EXCHANGE
- V.1, Entry 133, BILL OF RIGHTS
- V.1, Entry 134, BILLION
- V.1, Entry 135, BILLS
- V.1, Entry 136, BI-METALLISM.
- V.1, Entry 137, BIRNEY
- V.1, Entry 138, BLACK COCKADE
- V.1, Entry 139, BLACK CODE.
- V.1, Entry 140, BLACK REPUBLICAN.
- V.1, Entry 141, BLAINE
- V.1, Entry 142, BLAIR
- V.1, Entry 143, BLOCKADE
- V.1, Entry 144, BLOODY BILL
- V.1, Entry 145, BLUE LAWS
- V.1, Entry 146, BLUE LIGHT
- V.1, Entry 147, BOARD OF TRADE.
- V.1, Entry 148, BOLIVIA
- V.1, Entry 149, BOOTY
- V.1, Entry 150, BORDER RUFFIANS
- V.1, Entry 151, BORDER STATES
- V.1, Entry 152, BOURGEOISIE
- V.1, Entry 153, BOUTWELL
- V.1, Entry 154, BRAHMANISM.
- V.1, Entry 155, BRAZIL
- V.1, Entry 156, BRECKENRIDGE
- V.1, Entry 157, BROAD SEAL WAR
- V.1, Entry 158, BROKERS
- V.1, Entry 159, BROOKS
- V.1, Entry 160, BROWN
- V.1, Entry 161, BUCHANAN
- V.1, Entry 162, BUCKSHOT WAR
- V.1, Entry 163, BUCKTAILS
- V.1, Entry 164, BUDDHISM
- V.1, Entry 165, BUDGET
- V.1, Entry 166, BULL
- V.1, Entry 167, BUNDESRATH
- V.1, Entry 168, BUREAUCRACY
- V.1, Entry 169, BURGESSES
- V.1, Entry 170, BURLINGAME
- V.1, Entry 171, BURR
- V.1, Entry 172, BUTLER, Benj. F.
- V.1, Entry 173, BUTLER, William Orlando
- V.1, Entry 174, CACHET
- V.1, Entry 175, CÆSARISM
- V.1, Entry 176, CALENDAR
- V.1, Entry 177, CALHOUN
- V.1, Entry 178, CALIFORNIA
- V.1, Entry 179, CANADA
- V.1, Entry 180, CANALS
- V.1, Entry 181, CANON LAW
- V.1, Entry 182, CAPITAL
- V.1, Entry 183, CAPITAL
- V.1, Entry 184, CAPITULATION
- V.1, Entry 185, CARICATURE
- V.1, Entry 186, CARPET BAGGERS
- V.1, Entry 187, CARTEL
- V.1, Entry 188, CASS
- V.1, Entry 189, CASUS BELLI
- V.1, Entry 190, CAUCUS
- V.1, Entry 191, CAUCUS SYSTEM
- V.1, Entry 192, CAUSE AND EFFECT IN POLITICS.
- V.1, Entry 193, CELIBACY, Clerical
- V.1, Entry 194, CELIBACY, Political Aspects of.
- V.1, Entry 195, CELTS.
- V.1, Entry 196, CENSURE.
- V.1, Entry 197, CENSURE OF MORALS.
- V.1, Entry 198, CENSURES
- V.1, Entry 199, CENSUS.
- V.1, Entry 200, CENTRALIZATION and DECENTRALIZATION.
- V.1, Entry 201, CEREMONIAL
- V.1, Entry 202, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.
- V.1, Entry 203, CHARGÉ D'AFFAIRES.
- V.1, Entry 204, CHARITY, Private.
- V.1, Entry 205, CHARITY, Public.
- V.1, Entry 206, CHARITY, State.
- V.1, Entry 207, CHASE
- V.1, Entry 208, CHECKS AND BALANCES.
- V.1, Entry 209, CHEROKEE CASE
- V.1, Entry 210, CHESAPEAKE CASE.
- V.1, Entry 211, CHILI.
- V.1, Entry 212, CHINA
- V.1, Entry 213, CHINESE IMMIGRATION.
- V.1, Entry 214, CHIVALRY.
- V.1, Entry 215, CHRISTIANITY.
- V.1, Entry 216, CHURCH AND STATE
- V.1, Entry 217, CHURCH
- V.1, Entry 218, CHURCH
- V.1, Entry 219, CHURCH
- V.1, Entry 220, CHURCHES AND RELIGIONS
- V.1, Entry 221, CHURCHES
- V.1, Entry 222, CINCINNATI
- V.1, Entry 223, CIPHER DISPATCHES AND DECIPHERMENT
- V.1, Entry 224, CIRCULATION OF WEALTH.
- V.1, Entry 225, CITIES
- V.1, Entry 226, CITIES AND TOWNS.
- V.1, Entry 227, CIVIL ADMINISTRATION
- V.1, Entry 228, CIVIL LIST.
- V.1, Entry 229, CIVIL RIGHTS BILL
- V.1, Entry 230, CIVIL SERVICE REFORM
- V.1, Entry 231, CIVILIZATION
- V.1, Entry 232, CLAY
- V.1, Entry 233, CLEARING, AND CLEARING HOUSES
- V.1, Entry 234, CLERICALISM
- V.1, Entry 235, CLIENTÈLE AND CUSTOM
- V.1, Entry 236, CLIMATE
- V.1, Entry 237, CLIMATE
- V.1, Entry 238, CLINTON
- V.1, Entry 239, CLINTON, George
- V.1, Entry 240, CL�TURE
- V.1, Entry 241, COASTING TRADE
- V.1, Entry 242, COCHIN CHINA
- V.1, Entry 243, COINAGE
- V.1, Entry 244, COLFAX
- V.1, Entry 245, COLONIZATION SOCIETY
- V.1, Entry 246, COLORADO
- V.1, Entry 247, COLOMBIA
- V.1, Entry 248, COMMERCE.
- V.1, Entry 249, COMMERCIAL CRISES
- V.1, Entry 250, COMMISSION
- V.1, Entry 251, COMMITTEES
- V.1, Entry 252, COMMON LAW
- V.1, Entry 253, COMMONS
- V.1, Entry 254, COMMUNE
- V.1, Entry 255, COMMUNISM
- V.1, Entry 256, COMPETITION.
- V.1, Entry 257, COMPROMISES
- V.1, Entry 258, COMPULSORY CIRCULATION
- V.1, Entry 259, COMPULSORY EDUCATION
- V.1, Entry 260, CONCESSION
- V.1, Entry 261, CONCLAVE.
- V.1, Entry 262, CONCLUSUM
- V.1, Entry 284, CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
- V.1, Entry 301, CONVENTION
- V.1, Entry 375, DISTILLED SPIRITS
- V.1, Entry 384, DOMINION OF CANADA
- V.2, Entry 7, EDUCATION
- V.2, Entry 18, EMBARGO
- V.2, Entry 33, EXCHANGE
- V.2, Entry 35, EXCHANGE OF PRISONERS
- V.2, Entry 37, EXCHANGE OF WEALTH
- V.2, Entry 121, GREAT BRITAIN
- V.2, Entry 130, HABEAS CORPUS
- V.2, Entry 180, INDUSTRIAL ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION
- V.2, Entry 225, JUSTICE, Department of
- V.2, Entry 246, LAW
- V.2, Entry 364, NEW GRANADA
- V.2, Entry 379, NULLIFICATION
- V.3, Entry 4, OCEANICA
- V.3, Entry 29, PARIS MONETARY CONFERENCE
- V.3, Entry 32, PARLIAMENTARY LAW.
- V.3, Entry 116, RACES OF MANKIND
- V.3, Entry 137, REPUBLICAN PARTY
- V.3, Entry 155, ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.
- V.3, Entry 195, SLAVERY
- V.3, Entry 278, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
- V. 2, List of Writers
- V. 3, List of Writers
- V. 3, List of American Writers
ADMINISTRATIONS
ADMINISTRATIONS (IN
cabinet has been borrowed from English political language; but the word has no original significance in this country, and the president is not even required by the constitution, but merely permitted, to demand the written opinions of heads of departments.
—The present departments were organized by acts of the following dates:
War, (then including the Navy), Aug. 7, 1789;
Treasury, Sept. 2, 1789;
State, (originally
Foreign Affairs), Sept. 15, 1789;
Justice, (as a part of the Judiciary), Sept. 24, 1789;
Postoffice, (temporary) Sept. 22, 1789, (permanent) May 8, 1794;
Navy, April 30, 1798;
Interior, March 3, 1849. The postmaster general was not considered a cabinet officer until invited by Jackson to cabinet meetings in 1829. Until that time this officer was considered a subordinate of the treasury department. A list of postmasters general, 1789-1829, is given at the end of this article.
—1ST ADMINISTRATION. George Washington, Va., pres., John Adams, Mass., vice pres.
State, Thomas Jefferson, Va., Sept. 26, 1789;
Treas., Alex. Hamilton, N. Y., Sept. 11, 1789;
War, Henry Knox, Mass.; Sept. 12, 1789;
Atty. Genl., Edmund Randolph, Va., Sept. 26, 1789.
—2ND ADMINISTRATION. George Washington, Va., pres., John Adams, Mass., vice pres.
State, Thomas Jefferson, Va., March 4, 1793, Edmund Randolph, Va., Jan. 2. 1794, Timothy Pickering, Mass., Dec. 10, 1795;
Treas., Alex. Hamilton, N. Y., March 4, 1793, Oliver Wolcott, Conn., Feb. 2, 1795;
War, Henry Knox, Mass., March 4, 1793, Timothy Pickering, Mass., Jan. 2, 1795, James McHenry, Md., Jan. 27, 1796;
Atty. Genl., Edmund Randolph, Va., March 4, 1793, Wm. Bradford, Pa., Jan. 27, 1794, Charles Lee, Va., Dec. 10, 1795.
—3RD ADMINISTRATION. John Adams, Mass., pres., Thomas Jefferson, Va., vice-pres.
State, Timothy Pickering, Mass., March 4, 1797, John Marshall, Va., May 13, 1800;
Treas., Oliver Wolcott, Mass., March 4, 1797, Samuel Dexter, Mass., Jan. 1, 1801;
War, James McHenry, Md., March 4, 1797, Samuel Dexter, Mass., May 13, 1800, Roger Griswold, Conn., Feb. 3, 1801;
Navy, George Cabot, Mass., May 3, 1798, Benj. Stoddert, Md., March 21, 1798;
Atty. Genl., Charles Lee, Va., March 4, 1797, Theo. Parsons, Mass., Feb. 20, 1801.
—4TH ADMINISTRATION. Thomas Jefferson, Va., pres., Aaron Burr, N. Y, vice-pres.
State, James Madison, Va., March 5, 1801;
Treas., Albert Gallatin, Pa., May 14, 1801;
War, Henry Dearborn, Mass., March 5, 1801;
Navy, Robert Smith, Md., July 15, 1801;
Atty. Genl., Levi Lincoln, Mass., March 5, 1801.
—5TH ADMINISTRATION. Thomas Jefferson, Va., pres., Geo. Clinton, N. Y., vice-pres.
State, James Madison, Va., March 4, 1805;
Treas., Albert Gallatin, Pa., March 4, 1805;
War, Henry Dearborn, Mass., March 4, 1805;
Navy, Jacob Crowninshield, Mass., March 3, 1805;
Atty. Genl., Robert Smith, Md., March 3, 1805, John Breckinridge, Ky., Aug. 7, 1805, Cæsar A. Rodney, Pa., Jan. 20, 1807.
—6TH ADMINISTRATION. James Madison, Va., pres., George Clinton, N. Y., vice-pres.
State, Robert Smith, Md., March 6, 1809, James Monroe, Va., April 2, 1811;
Treas., Albert Gallatin, Pa., March 4, 1809;
War, William Eustis, Mass., March 7, 1809, John Armstrong, N. Y., Jan. 13, 1813;
Navy, Paul Hamilton, S. C., March 7, 1809, William Jones, Pa., Jan. 12, 1813;
Atty. Genl., Cæsar A. Rodney, Pa., March 4, 1809, William Pinkney, Md., Dec. 11, 1811.
—7TH ADMINISTRATION. James Madison, Va., pres., Elbridge Gerry, Mass., vice-pres.
State, James Monroe, Va., March 4, 1813;
Treas., Albert Gallatin, Pa., March 4, 1813, Geo. W. Campbell, Tenn., Feb. 9, 1814, Alex. James Dallas, Pa., Oct. 6, 1814, Wm. H. Crawford, Ga., Oct. 22, 1816;
War, James Monroe, Sept. 27, 1814, Wm. H. Crawford, Ga., Aug. 1, 1815;
Navy, William Jones, Pa., March 4, 1813, B. W. Crowninshield, Mass., Dec. 19, 1814;
Atty. Genl., William Pinkney, Md., March 4, 1813, Richard Rush, Pa., Feb. 10, 1814.
—8TH ADMINISTRATION. James Monroe, Va., pres., Daniel D. Tompkins, N. Y., vice-pres.
State, John Quincy Adams, Mass., March 5, 1817;
Treas., Wm. H. Crawford, Ga.,
March 5, 1817;
War, Isaac Shelby, Ky., March 5, 1817, George Graham, Va., April 7, 1817, John C. Calhoun, S. C., Oct. 8, 1817;
Navy, B. W. Crowninshield, Mass., March 5, 1817, Smith Thompson, N. Y., Nov. 9, 1818;
Atty. Genl., Richard Rush, Pa., March 5, 1817, Wm. Wirt, Va., Nov. 13, 1817.
—9TH ADMINISTRATION. James Monroe, Va., pres., Daniel D. Tompkins, N. Y., vice-pres.
State, John Quincy Adams, Mass., March 5, 1821;
Treas., Wm. H Crawford, Ga., March 5, 1821;
War, John C. Calhoun, S. C., March 5, 1821;
Navy, Smith Thompson, N. Y., March 5, 1821, Samuel L. Southard, N. J., Sept. 16, 1823;
Atty. Genl., Wm. Wirt, Va., March 5, 1821.
—10TH ADMINISTRATION. John Quincy Adams, Mass., pres., John C. Calhoun, S. C., vice-pres.
State, Henry Clay, Ky., March 7, 1825;
Treas., Richard Rush, Pa., March 7, 1825;
War, James Barbour, Va., March 7, 1825, Peter B. Porter, N. Y., May 26, 1828;
Navy, Samuel L. Southard, N. J., March 4, 1825;
Atty. Genl., Wm. Wirt, Va., March 4, 1825.
—11TH ADMINISTRATION. Andrew Jackson, Tenn., pres, John C. Calhoun, S. C., vice-pres.
State, Martin Van Buren, N. Y., March 6, 1829, Edward Livingston, La., May 24, 1831;
Treas., Samuel D. Ingham, Pa, March 6, 1829, Louis McLane, Del., Aug. 8, 1831;
War, John H. Eaton, Tenn., March 9, 1829, Lewis Cass, O., Aug. 1, 1831;
Navy, John Branch, N. C., March 9, 1829, Levi Woodbury, N. H., May 23, 1831;
Postmaster Genl., William T. Barry, Ky., March 9, 1829;
Atty. Genl., John M. Berrien, Ga., March 9, 1829, Roger B. Taney, Md, July 20, 1831.
—12TH ADMINISTRATION. Andrew Jackson, Tenn., pres., Martin Van Buren, N. Y., vice-pres.
State, Louis McLane, Del., May 29, 1833, John Forsyth, Ga., June 27, 1834;
Treas., Wm. J. Duane, Pa., May 29, 1833, Roger B. Taney, Md, Sept. 23, 1833, Levi Woodbury, N. H., June 27, 1834;
War, Lewis Cass, O, March 4, 1833;
Navy, Levi Woodbury, N. H., March 4, 1833, Mahlon Dickerson, N. J., June 30, 1834;
Postmaster Genl., Wm. T. Barry, Ky., March 4, 1833, Amos Kendall, Ky., May 1, 1835;
Atty. Genl., Roger B. Taney, Md., March 4, 1833, Benj. F. Butler, N. Y., Nov. 15, 1833.
—13TH ADMINISTRATION. Martin Van Buren, N. Y., pres., Richard M. Johnson, Ky., vice-pres.
State, John Forsyth, Ga., March 4, 1837;
Treas., Levi Woodbury, March 4, 1837;
War, Benj. F. Butler, N. Y., March 3, 1837, Joel R. Poinsett, S. C., March 7, 1837;
Navy, Mahlon Dickerson, N. J., March 4, 1837, James K. Paulding, N. Y., June 25, 1838;
Postmaster Genl., Amos Kendall, Ky., March 4, 1837, John M. Niles, Conn., May 19, 1840;
Atty. Genl., Benj F. Butler, N. Y., March 4, 1837, Felix Grundy, Tenn., July 5, 1838, Henry D. Gilpin, Pa., Jan. 11, 1840.
—14TH ADMINISTRATION. Wm. Henry Harrison, O., pres., John Tyler, Va., vice-pres.
State, Daniel Webster, Mass., March 5, and April 6, 1841, Hugh S. Legaré, S. C., May 9, 1843, Abel P. Upshur, Va., July 24, 1843, John C. Calhoun, S. C., March 6, 1844;
Treas., Thomas Ewing, O., March 5, and April 6, 1841, Walter Forward, Pa., Sept. 13, 1841, John C. Spencer, N. Y., March 3, 1843, George M Bibb. Ky., June 15, 1844;
War, John Bell, Tenn., March 5, and April 6, 1841, John McLean, O., Sept. 13, 1841, John C. Spencer, N. Y., Oct. 12 1841, James M. Porter, Pa., March 8, 1843, William Wilkins, Pa., Feb. 15, 1844;
Navy, George E. Badger, N. C., March 5, and April 6, 1841, Abel P. Upshur, Va., Sept. 13, 1841. David Henshaw, Mass., July 24, 1843, Thos. W. Gilmer, Va., Feb. 15, 1844, John Y. Mason, Va., March 14, 1844;
Postmaster Genl., Francis Granger, N. Y., March 6, and April 6, 1841. Chas A. Wickliffe, Ky., Sept. 13, 1841;
Atty. Genl., John J. Crittenden, Ky., March 5, and April 6, 1841, Hugh S. Legaré, S. C., Sept. 13, 1841, John Nelson, Md., July 1, 1843.
—15TH ADMINISTRATION. James K. Polk, Tenn., pres., George M. Dallas, Pa., vice-pres.
State. James Buchanan, Pa., March 6 1845;
Treas., Robt. J. Walker, Miss., March 6, 1845;
War, Wm. L. Marcy, N. Y., March 6, 1845;
Navy, Geo. Bancroft, Mass., March 10, 1845, John Y. Mason, Va., Sept. 9, 1846;
Postmaster Genl., Cave Johnson, Tenn., March 6, 1845;
Atty. Genl., John Y. Mason, Va., March 6 1845, Nathan Clifford, Me, Oct. 17, 1846, Isaac Toucey, Conn., June 21, 1848.
—16TH ADMINISTRATION. Zachary Taylor, La., pres., Millard Fillmore, N. Y., vice-pres.
State, John M. Clayton, Del., March 7, 1849, Daniel Webster, Mass., July 22, 1850, Edward Everett, Mass., Dec. 6, 1852;
Treas., Wm. M. Meredith, Pa., March 8, 1849, Thomas Corwin, O., July 23, 1850;
War, Geo. W. Crawford, Ga, March 8, 1849, Edward Bates, Mo., July 20, 1850, Winfield Scott,
ad interim, July 23, 1850, Charles M. Conrad, La., Aug. 15, 1850;
Navy, Wm. B. Preston, Va., March 8, 1849, Wm. A. Graham, N. C., July 22, 1850, John P. Kennedy, Md., July 22, 1852;
Interior, Thomas Ewing, O., March 8, 1849, James A. Pearce, Md., July 20, 1850, Thos. M. T. McKennan, Pa., Aug. 15, 1850, Alex. H. H. Stuart, Va., Sept. 12, 1850;
Postmaster Genl., Jacob Collamer, Vt., March 8, 1849, Nathan K. Hall, N. Y., July 23, 1850, Samuel D. Hubbard, Conn., Aug. 31, 1852;
Atty. Genl., Reverdy Johnson, Md., March 8, 1849, John J. Crittenden, Ky., July 22, 1850.
—17TH ADMINISTRATION. Franklin Pierce, N. H., pres., Wm. R. King, Ala., vice-pres.
State, Wm. L. Marcy, N. Y., March 7, 1853;
Treas., James Guthrie, Ky., March 7, 1853;
War, Jefferson Davis, Miss., March 7, 1853;
Navy, James C. Dobbin, N. C., March 7, 1853;
Interior, Robert McClelland, Mich., March 7, 1853;
Postmaster Genl., James Campbell, Pa., March 7, 1853;
Atty. Genl., Caleb Cushing, Mass., March 7, 1853.
—18TH ADMINISTRATION. James Buchanan, Pa., pres., John C. Breckinridge, Ky., vice-pres.
State, Lewis Cass, Mich., March 6, 1857, Jeremiah S. Black, Pa., Dec. 17, 1860;
Treas., Howell Cobb, Ga., March 6, 1857, Philip F. Thomas, Md., Dec. 12, 1860, John A. Dix, N. Y., Jan. 11, 1861;
War, John B. Floyd, Va., March 6, 1857, Joseph
Holt, Ky., Jan. 18, 1861;
Navy, Isaac Toucey, Conn., March 6, 1857;
Interior, Jacob Thompson, Miss., March 6, 1857;
Postmaster Genl., Aaron V. Brown, Tenn., March 6, 1857, Joseph Holt, Ky., March 14, 1859, Horatio King, Me., Feb. 12, 1861;
Atty. Genl., Jeremiah S. Black, Pa., March 6, 1857, Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., Dec. 20, 1860.
—19TH ADMINISTRATION. Abraham Lincoln, Ill., pres., Hannibal Hamlin, Me., vice-pres.
State, Wm. H. Seward, N. Y., March 5, 1861;
Treas., Salmon P. Chase. O., March 5, 1861, Wm. Pitt Fessenden, Me., July 1, 1864;
War, Simon Cameron, Pa., March 5, 1861, Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., Jan. 15, 1862;
Navy, Gideon Welles, Conn., March 5, 1861;
Interior, Caleb B. Smith, Ind., March 5, 1861, John P. Usher, Ind., Jan. 8, 1863;
Postmaster Genl., Montgomery Blair, Md., March 5, 1861, William Dennison, O., Sept. 24, 1864;
Atty. Genl., Edward Bates, Mo., March 5, 1861, T. J. Coffey, Pa., June 22, 1863, James Speed, Ky., Dec. 2, 1864.
—20TH ADMINISTRATION. Abraham Lincoln, Ill., pres., Andrew Johnson, Tenn., vice-pres.
State, Wm H. Seward, N. Y., March 4, and April 15, 1865;
Treas., Hugh McCulloch, Ind, March 7, and April 15, 1865;
War, Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., March 4, and April 15, 1865, (suspended Aug. 12, 1867, reinstated Jan. 14, 1868), U. S. Grant, Ill., Aug. 12, 1867, Lorenzo Thomas, Del., Feb. 21, 1868, John M. Schofield, Ill., May 28, 1868;
Navy, Gideon Welles, Conn., March 4, and April 15, 1865;
Interior, John P. Usher, Ind., March 4, and April 15, 1865. James Harlan, Iowa, May 15, 1865, O. H. Browning, Ill., July 27, 1866;
Postmaster Genl., William Dennison, O., March 4, and April 15, 1865, Alex. W. Randall, Wis., July 25, 1866;
Atty. Genl., James Speed, Ky., March 4, and April 15, 1865, Henry Stanbery, O., July 23, 1866, Wm. M. Evarts, N. Y., July 15, 1868.
—21ST ADMINISTRATION. U. S. Grant, Ill., pres., Schuyler Colfax, Ind., vice-pres.
State, E. B. Washburne, Ill., March 5, 1869, Hamilton Fish, N. Y., March 11, 1869;
Treas., Geo. S. Boutwell, Mass., March 11, 1869;
War, John A. Rawlins, Ill., March 11, 1869, Wm. T. Sherman, O., Sept. 9, 1869, Wm. W. Belknap, Iowa, Oct. 25, 1869;
Navy, Adolph E. Borie, Pa, March 5, 1869, Geo. M. Robeson, N. J., June 25, 1869;
Interior, Jacob D. Cox, O., March 5, 1869, Columbus Delano, O., Nov. 1, 1870;
Postmaster Genl, John A. J. Creswell, Md., March 5, 1869;
Atty. Genl., E. Rockwood Hoar, Mass., March 5, 1869, Amos T. Akerman, Ga., June 23, 1870, George H. Williams, Or., Dec. 14, 1871.
—22ND ADMINISTRATION. U. S Grant, Ill., pres., Henry Wilson, Mass., vice-pres.
State, Hamilton Fish, N. Y., March 4, 1873;
Treas., Wm. A. Richardson, Mass., March 17, 1873, Benj. H. Bristow, Ky., June 2, 1874, Lot M. Morrill, Me., June 21, 1876;
War, Wm. W. Belknap, Iowa, March 4, 1873, Alphonso Taft, O., March 8, 1876. James Donald Cameron, Pa., May 22, 1876;
Navy, George M. Robeson, N. J., March 4, 1873;
Interior, Columbus Delano, O., March 4, 1873, Zachariah Chandler, Mich., Oct. 19, 1875;
Postmaster Genl., John A. J. Creswell, Md., March 4, 1873, Marshall Jewell, Conn., Aug. 24, 1874, James M. Tyner, Ind., July 12, 1876;
Atty. Genl., Geo. H. Williams, Or., March 4, 1873, Edwards Pierrepont, N. Y., April 26, 1875, Alphonso Taft, O., May 22, 1876.
—23RD ADMINISTRATION. Rutherford B. Hayes, O., pres., Wm. A. Wheeler, N. Y. vice-pres.
State, Wm. M. Evarts, N. Y., March 12, 1877;
Treas., John Sherman, O., March 8, 1877;
War, George W. McCrary, Iowa, March 12, 1877, Alexander Ramsey, Minn., Dec. 10, 1879;
Navy, Richard W. Thompson, Ind., March 12, 1877, Nathan Goff, W. Va., Jan. 10, 1881;
Interior, Carl Schurz, Mo., March 12, 1877;
Postmaster Genl., David McK. Key, Tenn., March 12, 1877, Horace Maynard, Tenn., Aug. 25, 1880;
Atty. Genl., Charles Devens, Mass., March 12, 1877.
—24TH ADMINISTRATION. James A. Garfield, O., pres., Chester A. Arthur, N. Y., vice-pres.
State, James G. Blaine, Me., March 5, 1881;
Treas., William Windom, Minn., March 5, 1881;
War, Robt. T. Lincoln, Ill., March 5, 1881;
Navy, William L. Hunt, La., March 5, 1881;
Interior, Saml. J. Kirkwood, Iowa, March 5, 1881;
Postmaster Genl., Thos. L. James, N. Y., March 5, 1881;
Atty. Genl., Wayne Mac-Veagh, Pa., March 5, 1881.
—
Postmasters General (1789-1829); Samuel Osgood, Mass., Sept. 26, 1789; Timothy Pickering, Pa., Aug. 12, 1791; Joseph Habersham, Ga., Feb. 25, 1795; Gideon Granger, Conn., Nov 28, 1801; Return J. Meigs, O., March 17, 1814; John McLean, O., June 26, 1823.
—See Poore’s
Political Register; Lanman’s
Dictionary of Congress; United States Treasury Register (July, 1880);
War Department Register (April, 1881). The organization of the Boards of
Foreign Affairs, War, Navy, Treasury, and
Postoffice, are in 1
Statutes at Large (Bioren and Duane’s edition), 585, 591, 620, 631 and 649 respectively. The acts of Aug. 7, Sept. 2, Sept. 15, Sept. 22, and Sept. 24, 1789, May 8, 1794, and April 30, 1798, (above referred to), are in 1
Stat. at Large, 49, 63, 68, 70, 93, 354 and 553 respectively. The act of March 3, 1849 (Interior Dept.), is in 9
Stat. at Large, 395.
ALEXANDER JOHNSTON.